A DISCUSSION OF AGE 
STATISTICS 



HY 

ALLYX A. YOUX(i 



A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 

in the Department of Economics of the 

University of Wisconsin. 



A DISCUSSION OF AGE 
STATISTICS 



BY 



ALLYX ABBOTT YOUXG 



A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
University of Wisconsin 

i 902 



[REPRINT OF BULLETIN 13 OF THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS] 



WASHINGTON 
1904 






jUN 9 1905 
XotD, 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR 
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 

S. N. D. NORTH, DIRECTOR 



BULLETIN 13 



A DISCUSSION OF AGE 
STATISTICS 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
IQ04 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Letter of transmittal - 5 

Summary of results ", 8 

The inquiry , 8, !1 

Significance of age statistics 9-11 

Errors in the reported ages 11-21 

Unknown ages 14, 15 

Age groups __ 15, 16 

Children's ages 16-20 

( Jentenarians 20, 21 

Age constitution of the population ' 21, 45 

Median and average ages 21-25 

Productive and nonproductive ages 25-30 

The distribution of the population in 10-year age groups ; >o '■'•'■' 

The number and proportion of children iu the population 40—43 

Other age groups 43 

The proportions of the sexes in different agi groups.. 4:; 15 

Appendix A. The adjustment of the returns 47-51 

Appendix B. Bibliography of discussions of age statistics 53 

Diagram 10 

Map — Median age of the total population, for stati - and territories 24 

(3) 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR, 

111 REAXJ OF THE CeNSI S, 

Washington, D. ('.. November 1, 190J.. 
Sir: 

1 have th(> honor to transmit herewith ( lensus Bulletin L3, entitled "A Discussion of Age Statistics." It has 
been prepared under the supervision of Professor Walter F. Willcox, of Cornell University, special agent of the 
Bureau of the Census, by Allyn A. Young, assistant professor of finance in Dartmouth ( lollege. Professor Young 
was employed for more than a year in the Census Office and much of his time was spent in studying the age 
statistics of this and other countries and various mathematical and statistical questions growing out of them. 
As long ago as 1870 the Census Office perceived the importance of the problems with which this bulletin deals, 
and in that year secured from the actuary of the Treasury Department a careful study of a part of the field. 
Since that time comparatively little consideration has been given to them in the United States, but in various 
European countries, as well as in India and Australasia, mathematicians and statisticians have given them 
attention and published the results. Professor Young writes after a critical analysis of their investigations, 
and in the present bulletin he lias explained and interpreted the age -tali-tie- of the Twelfth Census, making the 
treatment of the subject in this country, it is believed, fully abreast of the best discussions elsewhere. It is 
hoped that the bulletin will lie found to constitute a distinct advance in the interpretation of this difficult subject. 

This bulletin comprises four main divisions: 

(1) A description of the way in which the information as to the ages of the population was obtained, together 
with an account of the age tables that appear in the previously printed results of the Twelfth Census. 

(2) A short discussion of the general significance of age statistics. 

(3) An examination of the amount and nature of the errors in the reported ages. 

(•4) A discussion of some of the more important facts which the census reveals with reference to the age 
constitution of the population. The topics considered are the median and average ages of the population, the 
distribution of the population into productive and nonproductive age groups, the population in 10-year age 
periods, the number of children in the population, and the sex distribution of the population in various 
age groups. The age constitution of the population of continental United States, classified by sex, nativity, and 
race or color, is studied for the censuses of 1900, L890, and 1880. For the census of 1900 the discussion is 
extended to include the ages of the aggregate population of the states and territories, and of the aggregate popu- 
lation living in cities and in rural districts, classified by sex. 

An adjustment of the age returns for continental United States, classified by sex, race, and nativity, and a 
brief bibliography are printed as appendices. 

The practical significance of these inquiries is shown by the statement that one of our highest American 
authorities has sought by an analysis of the census age figures to show that in all recent censuses there had been 
serious errors in the enumeration of young children, amounting among those under five years of age to at least 
a million omissions both in 1890 and in 1900. This argument is traversed by Professor Young, who reaches the 
gratifying conclusion that" there is no conclusive evidence of material omissions either in 1890 or 1900. 
Very respectfully. 




Director. 
Hon. Victor H. Metoalf, 

Secretary of Commerce and Labor. 

(5) 



A DISCUSSION OF AGE STATISTICS. 



Bv Allvk A. Young, l'h. I>. 



SUMMARl OF RESULTS. 



J 



The ages of the population were ascertained more 
accurately at the census of 1900 than at any previous 
census of the United States. This improvement was 
largely due to the addition of an inquiry as tp date of 
birth to the former direct question as to age. 

The age returns of the more illiterate classes of the 
population are less accurate than those of the more 
intelligent classes. Moreover, the distribution of 
errors in the age returns is such as to suggest that the 
census information obtained about the more intelligent 
classes in districts in which there are large numbers of 
illiterates is less accurate as a rule than information 
obtained about the same class of persons in distL ; <i- 
where the general average of ''duration is higher. The 
evident explanation is that the census enumerators 
held more consistently to high standards of accuracy 
in those regions where a high average of accuracy was 
possible. 

In the concentration of reported ages on round num- 
bers, understatement of age is, except among persons 
of advanced years, more common than overstatement. 
The tendency to report ages as less than the truth is 
strongest in the negro population, stronger in the for- 
eign horn white than in the native white population, 
and is stronger with females than with males. On 
account of this prevalent understatement of age, the 
most accurate quinquennial or decennial age groups 
for use in the presentation of census results are those 
in which the hist year of the group is a multiple of 5, 
or of 10. 

The overstatement of the ages of children, which 
may be explained as due to the tendency to denote a 
child's age by the year of life, rather than by the num- 
ber of completed years, leads to a large apparent defi- 
ciency of children in the first few years of life. This 
apparent deficiency is more marked in the case of chil- 
dren in the second year of life than for those in their 
first j'ear — a result due to the fact that the ages of chil- 
dren less than a year old are reported by months. 

4091— Bull. No. 13—04 2 



The number of centenarians in the population is 
grossly exaggerated in the returns, this exaggeration 
heme' especially marked in the case of the more illiter- 
ate classes. 

The median age of the aggregate population of con- 
tinental United States (that i-. the age which exactly 
divides the population into halves) is 22.85 years. One 
hundred years ago il was 15.97; since L820 it has in- 
creased, on the average, by two-thirds of a year a 
ide. The median age of the population living in 
cities of over 25,000 inhabitants is about 3^ years 
greater than that of the population living in smaller 
edies and rural districts. The median age is high in 
the North Atlantic and Western states and low in the 
South Atlantic and South Central states. In the North 
Central division it approximates thai of the country as 
a whole. The average age (that is, the quotient result- 
ing from dividing the total years lived by the living 
population) is some years higher than the median age, 
being, for the aggregate population in 1900, 26.2 years. 

Aboul three-fifths of the population of the United 
State- are between 15 and 60 years old — comprising 

wdiat i- s etimes called the "productive" age group. 

This is a larger proportion of the population than is 
found in the same age group in most European coun- 
tries a fact which is due to the large number of for- 
eign horn adults in our population. But only Holland 
and the Scandinavian countries have so small a propor- 
tion of their population at "productive ages" as is found 
in the native white population of the tinted States. 

Nearly one-fourth of the population are less than L0 
years old and over three-sevenths are less than 20. 
Less than one-seventh have accomplished half the pos- 
sible hundred years of human life, and only 23 out of 
every thousand have passed the allotted '•three score 
years and ten." 

The greater average maturity of the urban popula- 
tion, shown by a higher median age, is due to the rela- 
tively larger proportion in the period of early middle 
life. The rural population is relatively more numerous 
at both extremes of the age table. 

(7) 



Children reported us less than a year old constitute 
2.5 per cent of the aggregate population, while chil- 
< i i en under 5 constitute 12.1 per cent. Both of these 
proportions are considerably smaller than they were in 
1880, and are smaller than the corresponding ratios for 
most European countries. The proportion of children 
under 1 in the total population varies from one in 30 
in Utah to one in <id in California. The number of 
children in the population is relatively least in New 
England and on the Pacific coast; it is relatively high- 
est in the South and in some of the newer agricultural 
states of the West and Northwest. 

Of the aggregate population 51 per cent are males 
and 4'd per cent are females, but in the age groups of 
15 to 19 years. 20 to 24 years, and 80 years and over, 
there are more women than men. These facts are 
shown to be in general agreement with the statistics 
respecting the relative numbers of the sexes horn and 
the death rate of the sexes at various ages. The differ- 
ences between cities and rural districts, with respect to 
the proportions of the sexes in the different age groups, 
are such that they can he only partially explained by 
the differences between rural and urban death rates: 
they consequently lead to the conclusion that females 
predominate among the younger persons migrating 
from the country to the cities, while males predomi- 
nate among the migrants who are of middle age. 

THE INQUIRY. 

The population schedule used by the enumerators at 
the Twelfth Census contained columns in which were 
entered, for each person enumerated, the date of birth 
and the "age at last birthday." The instructions to 
the enumerators with reference to the mode of entering 
this information were as follows: 

Column 7. Dnh of birth. — The object of this question is to help 
in getting t tie exact age in years of each person enumerated. Many 
a person who can tell the month ami year of his birth will he care- 
less or forgetful in stating the years of his age, anil so an error will 
creep into the census. This danger can not be entirely avoided, 
but asking the question in two forms will prevent it in many cases. 

Enter in the first division of column 7 the name or abbreviation 
of the month in which the person was horn, thus: Jan., Feb., Mai.. 
Apr., .May, .Tune, July, Aug., Sept., Hit., Nov.. or Dec. 

Enter in the second division the year in which the person was 
born, thus: 1841, L897, etc. 

Column 8. Age "' last birthday. — The object of this question is to 
get the age of each person in completed years, or in the ease of a 
child under one year the age in completed months. 

For each person of one year of age or over, enter the age at last 
birthday in whole years, omitting months and days. For children 
who, on the first day of June, 1900, were less than one year of age. 
enter the age in months, or twelfths of a year, thus: , , , 
For a child less than one month old, enter the age as follows; / . 

Endeavor to ascertain in each case the month and year of birth 
called for in column 7, hut where this is impossible get as nearly 
as possible the exact years of age. An answer given in round num- 
bers, such as "about 30," "about 45," is likely to be wrong. In 

such cases endeavor to get the exact age. 



The inquiry as to date of birth i> an innovation in the 
practice of the United States census. Prior to L850 the 
population was returned as within specified age groups. 
At the censuses of L850, 1860, 1870, ami 1880 the 
enumerators were instructed to ascertain the age at the 
lasl birthday previous to the taking of the census. In 
1890 the inquiry was modified to "age at nearest birth- 
day." At the census of 1900 the older form of inquiry 
was restored primarily because it accords with popular 
usage, but also because it gives results comparable with 
those of the censuses of other countries. In this con- 
nection it should l>e noted that the census age inquiry 
shows, not how many persons tire at a certain age. hut 
how many are in definite age periods — that is, between 
n and n4- 1 years old. 1 

The tabulations of the results of this inquiry, printed 
in Twelfth Census, Volume II, are as follows: 

Table XVI. — Ages of the aggregate population of the mainland 
of the United States, classified by sex, general nativity, and 
color. 

Table XV'II. — Ages of the Chinese, Japanese, ami Indian popula- 
tion of the United States, classified by sex. 

Table 1. — Ages of the aggregate population of the United states, 
classified by sex, general nativity, and color. 

Table 2. — Ages of the aggregate population, classified by sex, gen- 
eral nativity, and color, by states and territories. 

Table 3. — Ages by periods of years of the aggregate population, 
classified by sex, by states and territories. 

Table 4. — Ages by periods of years of the native white population 
of native parentage, classified by sex, by states and territories. 

Table 5. — Ages by periods of years of the native white population 
of foreign parentage, classified by sex, by states and territories. 

Table 0. — Ages by periods of years of the foreign white popula- 
tion, classified by sex, by states and territories. 

Table 7. — Ages by periods of years of the colored population, 
classified by sex, by states and territories. 

Table S. — Ages by periods of years of the negro population, classi- 
fied by sex, by states and territories. 

Table 9. — Ages bj periods of years of the aggregate population, 
classified by sex, general nativity, and color, for cities having 
25,000 inhabitants or more. 

Tables 10-18. — Persons of school age, by sex, general nativity, and 
color, by states ami territories. 

Tables 19-21. — Persons of school age, by sex. general nativity, and 
color, for cities having 25,000 inhabitants or more. 

Table 22. — Males of militia age, by general nativity and color, by 
states and territories. 

Table 23. — Males of militia age, by general nativity and color, for 
cities having 25,000 inhabitants or more. 

■With reference to the method of obtaining the ages of the 
population, European census practice is divided. In the majority 
of the countries, however, the date of birth is asked, while in 
the others, "age at last birthday" is the form of the question. 
In the Italian census of lsso the two inquiries were combined, as 
in the United States census of 1900. At the St. Petersburg ses- 
sion (1S72) of the International Statistical Congress, the following 
recommendation was passed: "Whenever the degree of education 
permits, ami especially in large cities, age should be indicated by 
the year ami month of birth. When age is expressed in years, 
completed years should be understood; for children less than a 
year old, age should h<- expressed by the number of completed 
months." (SeeCompte Rendu, Vol. II, page 425. ) 

In the state census of .Massachusetts, and, since 1S85, in that 
of Rhode Island, the age inquiry has been as to the "nearest 
birthday." 



Table 24. — Males of voting age, by general nativity and color, by 
states and territories. 

Table 25. — Males of voting age, by general nativity and color, for 
cities having 25,000 inhabitants or more. 

Table 26. — Persons of school, militia, and voting ages, by sex, gen- 
eral nativity, and color, by comities. 

Table 27. — Persons of school, militia, and voting ages, by sex, gen- 
eral nativity, and color, for places having 2,500 inhabitants 
or more. 

An analysis of the general age tallies presented in 
Volume II, containing a number of summary and ratio 
tables, is found on pages xxxv to Ixxviii of that volume. 
Volume III, Table 27, pages <'>*:! to 687, shows the num- 
bers of the aggregate population of the United States 
at each specified age. per 100,000 of known ages, by 
sex, color, general nativity, and parent nativity. Table 
28, pages 689 to 695 of the same volume, shows the num- 
bers of the aggregate, the white, and the colored popu- 
lation in each age group, per 100,000 of known ages, by 
states and territories. 

The age tables contained in the Abstract of the Twelfth 
Census will be found especially useful for the purpose of 
supplementing those contained in the present discussion, 
as they are based on a different system of grouping. 

In addition to the tables which relate primarily to 
age, there are tables which give other classifications of 
certain age groups. In the tables relating primarily to 
citizenship and years in the United States, which are to 
be found in Volume 1, pages 907 to 1006, males of voting 
age are classified by general nativity, parentage, color, 
and literacy, and foreign born males of voting age by 
citizenship, country of birth, number of years in the 
United States, and ability to .-peak English, for states 
and territories and for cities having 25,000 inhabitants 
or more; and males of voting age by general nativ- 
ity, color, citizenship, and literacy, for counties. A 
more or less detailed classification by ages has been 
introduced into the general tables on conjugal condi- 
tion, school attendance, illiteracy, ability to speak 
English, and occupations. These tables are printed 
either in Volume II or in the special report on occupa- 
tions. In Volume III, pages xlvi and xlvii, there is a 
table showing, for the registration area and its sub- 
divisions, the white population in each of eight age 
groups, classified by birthplaces of mothers. In the 
same volume, pages 285 to 555, is a table which shows 
the number of children under 1 year of age and under 
5 years of age. classified by sex, general nativity, and 
color, for each state and registration city, and for the 
groups, counties, and local divisions of registration 
states. 

SIGNIFICANCE OF AGE STATISTICS. 

For the purpose of a scientific study of the popula- 
tion the classification by age is only less important and 
fundamental than that based on sex. Not only does this 
classification afford information concerning the genera- 
tion which is at present doing the world's work, but it 
also makes it possible to form some conclusions about 



the generation next to enter on its estate. It is scarcely 
correct, how T ever, to speak of "generations' 1 in the 
sense in which the word is ordinarily used, because the 
population is being constantly recruited by births and 
depleted by deaths. 

Professor von Mayr has compared the population 
of a country to an endless rope made up of a vast 
number of individual threads. 1 If the rope be cut at 
any given point, the threads thus exposed to view will 
vary from those so short that they can scarcely be meas- 
ured to those of a maximum length. This is the view 
presented by the census age tables — a view which em- 
phasizes the ever-changing character of the population. 

The classification of a population by age makes it 
possible to measure its economic and military strength. 
A population containing a large proportion of aged 
persons and children may be less efficient than a smaller 
population in which a larger proportion are of produc- 
tive age. Moreover, the proportion of young children 
in the population is at least as valuable an index of 
social conditions as is the birth rate, and is of special 
utility in the United States, where accurate records of 
the births ate kept in few localities. The chief useful- 
ness of age statistics, however, is found in the increased 
value which they oive to the results of other census 
inquiries. The combination of the age and sex classifi- 
cations reveals the number of voters and the number 
of potential fighting men. It is impossible to compare 
different classes of the population accurately with ref- 
erence to .itch tacts as crime, pauperism, literacy, 
number engaged in productive occupations, mortality 
rates, etc.. without taking into account the differences 
in their age constitution; for example, the mere fact 
that death rates are higher in cities than in rural dis- 
tricts i-; without special significance until the differences 
in tin age constitutions of the two regions are taken 
into account. 

The age composition of a population on a given date 
may be represented graphically by a diagram sometimes 
i-tlled the age pyramid, but which might more accu- 
rately be called the age triangle. The example given 
on page 10 illustrates in this way the age composition 
of tlie population of the United States at the date of the 
Twelfth Census. The vertical line running through 
the apex of the triangle is divided into 100 equal parts, 
one for each year of life. From this line horizontal 
distances are measured representing, according to the 
indicated scale, the number of persons reported at the 
specified age. Distances to the left represent male-, to 
the right females, and the horizontal distance between 
the sides of the triangle at each point the total popula- 
tion of the specified age. Each complete square within 
the triangle thus represents 2,000,000 people and the 
entire area of the triangle represents the total popula- 
tion of the United States of known age, classified by 
sex and age. 

'Statistik und Gesellschaftelehre, Vol. II, pagi 



10 




2 2 

HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS 



10 



The age constitution of the population is affected by 
three factors — births, deaths, and migration. If a 
country were so isolated as to be affected neither by 
immigration nor by emigration, if the number id' births 
in each year were the same as in the year preceding, 
if the number of deaths were uniform for each sui i 
sive year and for each year of aye. and if the conditions 
for male- and females were identical, the aye consti- 
tution of the population would be of the simplest and 
most regular form. If a figure constructed on the 
same principle as this diagram were drawn to r'epresenl 
such a population, it would take the form of an isos 
celes triangle. But a condition of this kind is purely 



imaginary, and is never realized in actual conditions. 
First and most fundamental in causing deviations 
from this theoretical distribution is the fact that neither 
the number of deaths nor the death rate is constant for 
all ages. The death rate is very high in the first year 
of life, decreases rapidly through about the first twelve 
years, then increases gradually until the period of old 
age is reached, when it increases with rapid accelera- 
tion. If this factor lie taken into account — theassump- 
tion still being that the population is affected to only a 
slight extent by migration, ami that the number of 
births in successive years is fairly constant — the graphic 
representation of the age constitution will be bell- 



11 



shaped, the sides of the figure changing from concave 
to convex in the period of advanced age. These arc the 
conditions represented in the ordinary life table, which, 
taking as a basis a number of persons beginning life at 
the same time, shows what would be the number <>f 
survivors at each age under prevailing conditions. 
Such a population would be called a " normal stationary 
population." The population of France approaches 
this condition more nearly than that of any other coun- 
try for which statistics are available. 

Rut in most countries the annual number of births is 
not a constant factor. If the birth rate is constant, an 
increasing population tends to perpetuate its increase 
through the continued augmentation of the number of 
births; and even with a diminishing birth rate the 
absolute number of births from an increasing popula- 
tion may be increasing. This condition, which would 
be shown in the graphic representation by a relatively 
broader base of the "age pyramid," is prevalent in 
most European countries, but more noticeably in the 
United States. 

Factors of less importance are the changes in birth 
and death rates, due to varying economic, social, anil 
climatic conditions. These give to the diagram an 
irregular form, but their effects on the age constitution 
are less noticeable in a large and heterogeneous popula- 
tion like that of the United States than in smaller 
populations. 

In addition to these primary factor- of birth and 
death rates, then 1 is one secondary factor, migration, 
winch has an important influence upon the distribution 
of ages. In the decade 1890 to 1900, 7". per cent of 
the immigrants to the United States were between the 
ages of 1") and 40 years, L6 per cent were less than 1.".. 
and only '.) per cent were more than 40 years old. In 
a country where the excess of immigration over emi- 
gration is as large as it is in the United State-, this 
preponderance among the immigrants of persons be- 
tween 15 and 4*) years of age leads to a marked widen- 
ing of the age pyramid at and immediately above these 
ages. This effect is of course strikingly apparent in 
the age constitution of our foreign born population. 1 
Iuternal migration lias a corresponding effect on the 
age constitution of particular areas, and thus leads to 
marked differences between cities and rural districts in 
the distribution of ages. 

'Twelfth Census. Vol. II, Plat,- 2. 



ERRORS IN THE REPORTED AGES. 

Age may be defined as the sum of time lived since 
birth. Modern census practice follows ordinary usage 
in stating the ages of children less than one year old in 
months and the ages of all other persons in years. 

A casual inspection of the tables in which the ages 
are given by single years will show that while the 
number reported decreases as the age increases, this 
decrease is far from constant; indeed, the number 
reported as of a given age is not always smaller than 
the number reported at the preceding age ' The facts 
are shown even more clearly in the diagram. It is not 
probable that in the age constitution of the actual pop- 
ulation the principle of continuity is so far violated 
that the age series could not be represented by a fairly 
smooth curve; indeed, experience has shown that the 
greater the accuracy of a census, arising from special 
care in the enumeration, or from the intelligence of the 
persons enumerated, the more nearly does the curve 
representing the age returns approach smoothness of 
form. Most of the irregularities in the curve repre- 
senting the ages actually reported take the form of 
angular deflections, corresponding to abnormal values 
of single terms. Consideration of the factors which 
influence the age constitution of the population gives no 
warrant for supposing that these irregularities corre 
spond to the facts. It is certain, of course, that changes 
in birth and death rates, as well as variations in the 
amount and direction of migration, must leave their 
marks in the form of certain irregularities; but these 
irregularities would in most cases be spread over a term 
of several years, and in the curve representing the age 
-cries they would take the form of flexures covering a 
period of several terms in the series. It follows that 
the irregularities in the age table- represent, for the 
most part, erroneous information. A knowledge of the 
nature and amount of the errors is a prerequisite to 
the intelligent use of census age statistics. 

Before entering upon a discussion of the particular 
forms which these errors take, it will be well to get 
some idea of the total amount of error. Comparisons 
with previous censuses, with reference to this point, 
will make it possible to ascertain the effect of the addi- 
tion of the inquiry as to date of birth to the inquiry as 
to age. 

'Twelfth Census, Vol. II, Table xvi. 



12 



If tin- number returned at each year of age (except, 
of course, the number reported a^ "under 1") be 
subtracted from the number returned at the next lower 
year of age, the remainders will l>e the "first differ- 
ences" of the age series. If these firsl differences 
be added, with due regard to plus and minus signs, the 
.sum will, of course, be equal to the difference between 
the number reported as less than 1 year old and the 
number classified as " loo and over." But if the signs 
be disregarded in the addition, the sum of the differ- 
ences will be equal to the difference between the num- 
bers reported at the first and at the last age, plus twice 
the sum of the minus differences, it may l>e assumed 
that in a series representing the true ages of the popu- 
lation the minus differences are zero, or approximately 
zero, and the sum of all the differences would therefore 
be the same whether plus ami minus signs were regarded 
or not. The difference between the sum of the differ- 
ences in the reported and in the actual ages would be, 
therefore, approximately twice the sum of the minus 



differences, h follows thai (he sum of the minus dif- 
ferences may be properly regarded as a measure of the 
inaccuracy of the reported ages. It will be noticed 
that in this method no assumption is made about the 
true nature of the age scries, except that the minus 
differences are approximately zero. Even if this ap- 
proximation is not very close, the general validity of 
the method is not affected. For the foreign horn ele- 
ment of the population, however, this method can not 
be used, as the fact that there are comparatively few 
foreign born children among the population produces 
an unduly large number of minus differences. Table 1 
shows these differences computed, as described, for the 
other classes of the population, at the Twelfth Census 
and the two censuses immediately preceding; it shows, 
also, for each of these population classes the total 
number of persons less than loO years of age and 
the per cent which the sum of the minus differences 
forms of the total number of persons less than 100 
years of age. 



Table t.— SUM OF THE MINI'S DIFFERENCES IN THE AGE RETURNS OF THE AGGREGATE POPULATION AND 

OF THE TOTAL NATIVE, THE NATIVE WHITE J'.Y PARENTAGE, THE TOTAL COLORED, AND THE NEGRO 
POPULATION, AND PEE CENT THAT SUM FORMS OF PERSONS TO 99 YEARS OF AGE, CLASSIFIED BY SEN. 
FOB CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900, 1890, AND 1SS0. 



A.— NUMBER OF PERSONS TO 99 YEARS OF AGE. 







1900 




1890 


1S80 




B 


Males. 


Females. 


Both sexes. 


Males. 


Females. 


Both 


Males. 








. 


37,102,733 


62, 156, 104 







,1.767 


25,517,411 


24,634,356 








65, 176,691 

56,474,76! 

10 B36.9 ■ 

: . .. 
9,127, 180 
8,782 630 


:; :,0 6 

2 I, (72,888 
7,831,720 
1,584, 17.5 


32,400,688 
27,870,153 
20,064,050 

;. -.I-. 103 
1,543,005 
1 122, 126 














Native white 

Native white— native parents 


! >,764,84 
34,269 ' 
11,494,900 
7,594,409 


17,413,505 
5,776,719 


L6 ,6,440 
5,718, 1H 


36, 842, 699 


IS. 609, 028 


18,233,671 










6,749 . - 


3.386.904 


3,362,848 



















B.— SUM OP MINUS DIFFERENCES IN REPORTED AGES. 





11100 


IS'.IO 


1SS0 




Both sexes. 


Males. 




Both sexes. 


Males. 


I'Vm.'iliv 


Until sexes. 


Males. 






2,552,243 




1,274,640 


4,683, 


2, 359. .595 


'J. 184,674 


4,133, i ,7 


1,974,593 


2,186,201 








1 . 670, 9 10 
810,987 
627,525 
216,247 
956,780 
912,977 


B01, 180 
419,689 
326, 173 

hit, mi 

146,631 
118.263 


889,843 

11 ,, ..:l 
321,344 
112,894 

511,(l5h 

196,045 
















2,458,985 

1, 970, 051 

503, 320 

1,093 663 


1,262, 128 

1,019,113 

251,896 


1,554 864 

1,053,393 

282,907 


1,664,318 


789,676 


923,770 
















1,264 l 18 


571, 203 


693, 704 





















C— PER CENT THAT THE SUM OF MINUS DIFFERENCES FORMS of PERSONS TO 99 YEARS OF AGE, OR COEFFICIENT OF ERROR. 







1900 






IS1I0 




1SMI 




Both sexes. 




Females. 


Both sexes. 


Males. 




Both sexes. 


Males. 


Females. 




1 


3. 3 


3 


7,5 


7. 1 


- 1 


8.2 


7. 7 


8.9 








2.6 
1.4 

1.5 
1. 1 

10.5 

10. 1 


2.4 
1.5 
1.6 

1. 1 
9.7 
9.6 


2.7 
1.5 
1.6 
1.4 
11.2 
11.2 














.5.4 

5.7 

1.4 

14.4 


1 

1. 1 
13.2 


5.9 
6. 2 
1.9 
15.7 


4.5 


4.2 


> 
















IS, 7 


17.0 


20. 6 










1 











13 



The absolute .sums of the differences are in themselves 
without special significance, on account of the varying 
sizes of the population classes for which they have 
been computed. The per cents indicate the relative 
degrees of inaccuracy in the age returns of the differ- 
ent classes, and may be called the "coefficients of 
error.'" Considering first the results for 1900, it 
appears that the smallest coefficient of error is found 
in the returns for the native white population of for- 
eign parents, while the largest is found in the returns 
for the negro population. In the returns for the latter 
class the coefficient for females is considerably larger 
than that for males, the excess being reflected in the 
results for the aggregate population. 

A comparison of the results for the three censuses 
shows that there has been a general gain in accuracy 
since 1880; for the aggregate population of both sexes 
the coefficient of error was 8.2 per cent in L880, T.."> per 
cent in 1890, and 3.4 per cent in 1900. The marked dim- 
inution in the coefficient of error in 1900 as compared 
with 1890 indicates that the inquiry as to date of birth had 
a very important influence on the accuracy of the results. 
For all classes of the population the returns for L900 
indicate increased accuracy as compared with previous 



censuses. It will be noted that in 1S80 and 1S90 the 
age returns of females were, for all (lasses < if the popula- 
tion, more erroneous than those of males. The addition 
of the inquiry as to date of birth seems to have had a 
more marked effect on the age returns of females than 
on those of males. This is probably due to the fact 
that a larger proportion of women than of men were 
seen directly by the enumerators in their house-to-house 
visitation. The errors in the age returns of males are 
probably due, in larger measure than those of females, 
to ignorance of the true age of the person enumerated 
on tin' part of those who furnished the information to 
the enumerator. Naturally this kind of error could not 
be eliminated by any amount of care in the manner 
of asking the question. In the case of the native 
white population of native parents the coefficient of 
error in 1900 was less for the total population than for 
either the male or the female population. This seeming 
paradox is due to the neutralization of a certain amount 
of understatement of age on the part of one sex by over- 
statement on the part of the other. 

Table 2 shows the minus differences and per cents in 
L900 for the five main geographic divisions. 



Table 2.— SUM OF THE MINIS DIFFERENCES IX REPORTED AGES OF THE POPULATION AND PER CENT THAT 
SUM FORMS OF PERSONS TO 99 YEARS OF AGE, CLASSIFIED I'.V PARENT NATIVITY AND RACE, FOR MAIN 
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900. 



CLASS OF POPULATION. 



PERSONS II TO 99 YEARS 01 IG1 [900 



North 
Atlantic 
division. 



Native white 

Native white— na 

tive parents 

Native white — ior 

eign parents 

Negro 



1 1,870, 165 

9,891,395 

5,978,770 
382,635 



South 
Atlantic 
division. 



6, 095, 498 



3,712,504 



North South 

Central Central 
division, division. 



!07 11, 141,893 

14,111,559 8 736,056 

7,471,64* 

490,971 4 166,696 



Western 
division. 



3,094,424 

2.003,430 



1.090.994 



i THE MINIS DIFFERENCES IN 1:1 
■ OF THE POPULATION 1 



North South 
Atlantic Atlantic 
division, division. 



North South 
Central Central 
division, division 



260. 665 

171,499 147,557 

.'- 582 9,819 
125,000 



167.;' 15 



92,276 
32 182 






West- 
ern di- 
vision. 



57,929 
13, i 15 



16.331 
2,292 



PER CENT THAT BUM OF MINUS DIF- 
FERENCES FORMS OF PERSONS 
TO 99 YEARS OF AGE: 1900. 



North 
Atlan- 
tic di- 
vision. 



South North 
Atlan Cen- 
tic di-tral di- 
vision \ ision. 



South 
Cen- 
tral di- 
vision. 



1.6 


,1 


1.7 


2.4 


1.7 
7.8 


11. 1 



1.1 

1.0 



1.2 



l.S 

l.s 



2.4 
111. 3 



West- 
ern di- 
vision. 



1.9 

'.!. '-' 



1.5 
7.7 



The coefficients of error shown in Table 2 confirm the 
inference drawn from Table 1, that the reports of the 
ages of the colored population are especially untrust- 
worthy. In three of the five main geographic divisions 
the accuracy of the returns for the native white popu- 
lation of native parents is about the same as that 
of the returns for the native white population of 
foreign parents. In the South Central division, 
however, the returns for the native white population of 
foreign parents are distinctly less accurate than those 
for the native white population of native parents, 
while in the Western division this condition is reversed. 

The facts shown in Table 2 with reference to the 
geographic distribution of errors in the age returns 
are worthy of note. It will be observed that if the 
five geographic divisions were ranked in the order of 
decreasing size of the coefficient of error for the native 
white population of native and of foreign parents, and 
for the negro population, the order of rank would be 
South Atlantic, South Central, North Atlantic, West- 



ern, North Central, except that for the native white 
population of native parents the coefficient of error in 
the Western division would advance from fourth to 
second. For each class the greatest amount of inac- 
curacy is found in the South Atlantic division and the 
least amount in the North Central division. 

A comparison of the coefficients of error shown in 
Tables 1 and 2 with the census statistics of illiteracy 
shows a general correlation between the two sets of 
facts. 1 Illiteracy, like the errors in reported ages, is 
greatest among the negro population and least among 
the native white population of foreign parents. More- 
over, for the total population, illiteracy, like errors in 
age returns, is at its maximum in the South Atlantic- 
division and at its minimum in the North Central divi- 
sion. But this is as far as the correlation can be car- 
ried, for the geographic distribution of illiteracy is by 

'For the per cent illiterate in the population of the main geo- 
graphic divisions, see Twelfth Census Abstract, Table 57. 



14 



no means so strikingly uniform for the different popu- 
lation classes as is the geographic distribution of the 
errors in the age returns. It would seem, therefore, 
that the presence of a large illiterate population in cer- 
tain parts of the country lias lowered the general accu- 
racy of the returns from those regions. Despairing of 
getting any but inaccurate returns from a large propor- 
tion of the persons in their districts, the enumerators in 
the more illiterate regions have been less painstaking in 
their efforts to secure accurate returns from the rest of 
the population. 

By far the most noticeable errors in the age returns 
are due to the tendency of the persons enumerated to 
give their ages in round numbers. Multiples of live — 
especially the even numbers — are the chief centers of 



concentration. This tendency is not of great impor- 
tance below the year 20, and the concentration on 
that year is, in the ease of males, offset by an easily 
explained concentration <>n the year 21. Table 3 fur- 
nishes a measure of the amount of this concentration 
on multiples of 5. It is assumed that in the actual 
population the number of persons aged 25, 30, 35, -to, 
45, 5o. .".5. and •'>" years is approximately one-fifth of 
the total number between '_'■". and 62 years of age, inclu- 
sive an assumption which corresponds with the facts 
closely enough to give all necessary accuracy to the 
method. The per cent that the number reported at 
multiples of 5 forms of one-fifth of the total number 
in the age group 23 to t52 indicates the degree of con- 
centration on round numbers. 



Table 



3.-MK\Sfl;l ol mi\. KNTKATION ON MULTIPLES OF 5 IN THE KEI'OKTED AGES OF ADULTS IX 
SPECIFIED CLASSES OF THE POPULATION OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900, 1890, AND 1880. 



CLASS OF )'< IP1 I ATION. 


TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS AGED 

, ;o, :;',, in, 15, 50, 55, ind 60 

YEARS. 


ONE-FIFTH OF TOTAL NUMBER OF 
PERSONS A<-i:i> 23 TO 62 YEARS, 
INCLUSIVE. 


PER CENT THAT NUMBER RE- 
PORTED AT Mn.TIPI.ES OF 
5 FORMS OF ONE-FIFTH OF 
TOTAL NUMBER AGED J3 TO 
t>2 YEARS, INCLUSIVE. 




1900 1890 


ISSII 


1900 


18SI0 


1880 


1900 


lS'.MI 


ISSO 




■ 1 6 tOl 7,079,822 


6,026,970 


6, 7112. 831 


5,390,228 


4,161,802 


1 1 9. 8 


131.3 144.8 




5,061, 174 


1,215,705 


3,308,893 

1,612, 172 

1,105,605 

% 


1,587,382 
1,490,345 

715, 104 


3, 529, 587 
1 . 299, 775 

,-,C,n. self, 


2,674,693 
992,791 
494, 318 


iin ;: 
126. 7 
165.9 


119.4 
1 12 3 
180.8 


123 7 




] , 888, 58 1 
1 186 343 


!S0,l 

1 hi i 080 


162.4 




223.7 







The results presented in Table 3 show that of the 
three classes of the population considered the tendency 
to concentrate on round numbers is strongest in the col 
ored population, while the native white population is 
least affected by it. For all classes of the population 
there is a marked improvement in the returns for 
L900 as compared with those for 1890, and there was 
a corresponding improvement in the returns for 1890 as 
comparedwith thosefor 1880. A seeming anomaly lies 
in the fact that while the returns for 1890 are but little 
improved in general accuracy over those for L880, as 
is evidenced by Table 1. yet in the matter of concen- 
tration on multiples of 5 the improvement in accu- 
racy over the preceding census was quite as marked 
in 1890 as in 1900. The explanation is found in the 
fact that in 1890 a special effort was made to lessen 
this particular form of error. The instructions to 
enumerators on this point were full and explicit and 
evidently were responsible foravery material decrease 
in the concentration. 1 The further decrease in the 
amount of this inaccuracy which is shown in the census 
of 1900 is undoubtedly due to the addition of the inquiry 
as to date of birth. But it is evident that this particu- 
lar form of error was not reduced so materially as were 
other inaccuracies in the age returns. In those Euro- 
pean censuses in which the ages are obtained b\ ascer- 

1 Instructions to Enumerators, Eleventh Census, reprinted in 
Wright and Hunt, History ami Growth of the United Stan- ( lensus, 
pages is? and L88. For the corresponding instructions for the 
Tenth Census, see Wrightand Hunt, page 171. 



taining the date of birth, it is found that there is a 
tendency to concentrate on those calendar years which 
are multiples of 5. ' : This tendency was undoubtedly 
operative in the United States in 1900, and on account 
of the census year being an even multiple of 5 the ten- 
dency to concentrate on certain ages and the tendency 
to concentrate on certain years of birth coincided— that 
is. so far as all persons bom in the first five months of 
the year are concerned. It seems probable that as 
high a degree of accuracy would have been obtained 
if the inquiry as to "age at last birthday" had been 
omitted. 

Unknown ages. Table 4 shows the proportions of the 
different classes of the population whose ages were 
returned as unknown. 

Table 4. — Number of persons of unknown ages in 100,000 of all ages, 
classified by st r,for continental United States: 1900 and 1S90. 





I '.Mill 


IS'.KI 


no> 


Both 
sexe 


Males, 


Females. 


Both 

sexes. 


Males. 


Females. 


i gregate 


s 


328 


197 


2 9 


323 


192 


Native white 

Foreign white . .. 


212 
244 


641 


138 
186 
567 


210 
270 

537 


275 
593 


i ii 
192 
480 







The proportion of persons of unknown age is largest 
for the colored and smallest for the native white popu- 

', i-on Vlayr, Statistik und Gesellsehaftslehre,Vol. II, page 75. 



15 



lation — a statement that holds true for each sex and 
each census. For all classes of the population this 
proportion is smaller for females than for males. This 
is undoubtedly due to the fact that a larger proportion 
of women than of men were seen personally by the 
enumerators. The excess of the proportion of un- 
known ages among the colored and the native white 
population in 1900 over the same proportion for 1890 
indicates that the inquiry as to date of birth lessened 
the number of mere guesses that were accepted by the 
enumerators as statements of age. For the foreign 
white population, however, this proportion decreased 
in 1900 as compared with 1890. This decrease may be 
due to the. fact that on account of the excess of immi- 
gration in the decade L880 to L890 over the immigration 
for the ensuing decade, the average foreign born person 
in 1900 had been in this country longer and was, con- 
sequently, better qualified to understand the enumera- 
tors questions and to answer them intelligently. 

Age groups. — Combinations of the age classification 
by single j-ears with the results of other census inquir- 
ies are impracticable in most instances. In the major- 
ity of cases in which the census differentiates economic 
and social classes by age, recourse must be had to age 
groups. From the standpoint of accuracy a classifica- 
tion by groups is preferable to one by single years, 
and because of the excessive concentration of reported 
ages on years which are multiples of 5 a quinquennial 
grouping is especially accurate. This form of group 
has the added merit of convenience. In the census 
practice of all countries it is customary to make use of 
5-year or of 10-year age groups. The usual form of 
quinquennial group is the one used in the United States 
census. In this method the live lowest ages of the 
table are placed in the first group, the next five ages in 
the second group, and so on to the end of the tabic. 
This form of grouping has been criticised by several 
statisticians on the ground that each group begins with 
a multiple of 5; that is, witli a year of concentration. 1 

The critics recommend a quinquennial group in 
which the year of concentration will be in the middle 
of the group. It is for this reason that the English 
census defends the use of 10-year groups in which the 
multiple of 10 comes in the middle of the period, 2 and 
that the American census has followed the same prac- 
tice in its mortality statistics. 

The accuracy of an age group depends upon the ratio 
between the number which it includes and the number 
of persons whose true ages would be included within the 
same group. In other words, the choice of age groups 
will depend upon the manner in which concentration 
takes place. The most accurate form of age group, 
then, is one which includes with each year of concentra- 

'Bertillon, Cours elementaire 3e Statistique, page 52, note; 
Mayo-Smith, Statistics and Sociology, pages 59 and 60; Holmes, in 
"The Federal Census," Publications of the American Economic 
Association, New Series, No. 2, pages 57 and 58. 

2 Census of England and Wales, 1891, General Report, page 27. 

4091— Bull. No. 13— 04-:— 3 



tion the years from which this concentration is chiefly 
drawn. If the field of attraction of each age at which 
concentration occurs does not extend beyond the limits 
of one age group, the fact of concentration will not 
affect the accuracy of the groups. 

If the tendency to understate ages is materially 
greater than the tendency to overstate them, the form 
of group used in the United States census may be more 
accurate than the one in which the year of concentration 
is in the middle of the group. The fact that concen- 
tration is greater on multiples of 10 than on odd multi- 
ples of 5 makes it possible to determine definitely which 
form of group is the more accurate. The greater the 
concentration the greater, of course, will be the deple- 
tion in the years from which that concentration is 
drawn. If the quinquennial groups are so formed that 
the fields of attraction of the years of concentration 
extend beyond the limits of the several groups, a year 
which is a multiple of 10 will draw relatively more 
from the adjacent groups than will a year which is an 
odd multiple of 5. This will result in making the 
groups alternately too large and too small. The excess 
of the number of reported ages in the groups contain- 
ing years that are multiples of 10 over the number in 
groups containing years that are odd multiples of 5 
may accordingly be used as a measure of the relative 
inaccuracy of a system of age grouping. Of two series 
of quinquennial age groupings of the same returns, 
the one in which the alternate excess and deficiency in 
the size of the successive groups is less marked will 
lie the more accurate. Table 5 illustrates the way in 
which this principle ruay be applied, and also shows the 
relations between the successive age groups in a 
"normal stationary population." 

Table 5.- Per cent thai innuh,,- ;» each specified age group form* of 

tin- iirillimelic mean of the numbers in the two adjacent groups. 

[Farr's English Life Table, No. 3, P, column.] 



AGE GEODP. 


Number in 
group. 


Arithmetic 
mean of num- 
bers in pre- 
ceding and 
following 
groups. 


Percent. 




4,004.211'. 

3, 584, 556 

:: 166,213 

3,372,234 

3,242,793 

3, 095, 021 

2,939,916 

2, 777, 260 

2,604,856 

2,119.396 

2,216,195 

1,981,004 

1,701,562 

1,371,499 

99S, 238 

622,519 

311,393 

115, 4S4 

28, 996 

4,445 








3,735,214 

3, 478, 395 

3,354,503 

3,283 i 

8,091,354 

2,936,140 

2,772,886 

2,598,328 

'J, 11". 525 

2,200,200 

1,958,878 

1,676,251 

1,349,900 

997,009 

i, 4 ■■) • 

369, 002 

170, 194 

59,965 


96.0 




99.1 




100.5 




100.3 




100.1 




100.1 




100.2 




L00.S 




100.4 


50 to i j ears 


100.7 
101.1 




101.5 




101.6 




100.1 
95.1 
84.4 




67.9 




48.4 













It will be noted that during the periods of youth and 
middle age, when the death rate is fairly constant, the 
number in each age group is only slightly greater than 
the arithmetic mean of the numbers in the two adjacent 



n; 



groups. It can not be supposed that in the numerical 
relations of the corresponding age groups of an actual 
population the regularity would be so great. However, 
uniform or systematic irregularities in the returns for 
different classes of the population may be safely charged 
to errors in the returns, rather than to actual peculiari- 
ties in the age constitution of the population. 

Table 6 shows the results obtained by applying the 
above process to the age reports of the aggregate pop- 
ulation of continental United States. Three methods 
of grouping have been used; in the first the census 
plan is followed, a year of concentration being placed 
at the beginning of each group; in the second the 
3 T ear of concentration is in the middle of the group; 
and in the third it is placed at the end. For conven- 
ience these methods will he called Method I, Method 
II, and Method III, respectively. The expressions 
obtained for the relative numerical values of groups 
containing multiples of 10 and of groups containing odd 
multiples of 5 are placed in separate columns, and the 
average of each of these two classes of per cents is 
shown for each method of grouping. Only those mul- 
tiples of 5 from 20 to 65 are considered, because on 
multiples below 20 there is no perceptible concentra- 
tion, and at advanced ages the rapid decrease of the 
population has the effect (shown in Table 5) of produc- 
ing a marked diminution in the per cents. 

Table 6. — Per cent that the aggregate population in quinquennial age 
groups containing specified years of concentration forms of the arith- 
metic mean of the numbers in the two adjacent groups, by three 
methods of grouping, for continental United Stales: 1900. 



YEAI: OF CONCENTRATION. 


Method I. 


Method II. 


Method III. 


20 


104.1 


101.3 
101.3 
96.1 

93.4 
97.4 


101.1 
100.0 
110.5 
106.6 
99.1 


104.0 
93.0 
90.9 
93. 9 

100.4 


99.7 
104. 2 
109. 7 
104.4 
103.1 




25 


103 5 


30 


96.7 




3ft 


90.6 


40 


100.9 




45 


92.9 


60 .. 


103.9 




56... 


94.2 


in 


102. 




65... 


93.7 










101.5 


97.9 


103.5 


96.4 


104.2 


95.0 







The difference between the average value of the per 
cents for the groups containing even multiples of 5 
and for groups containing odd multiples of 5 is, by 
Method 1, 3.6; by Method II, 7.1; by Method III, 9.2. 
These differences represent the relative inaccuracies of 
the different methods of grouping, and indicate that 
Method I is preferable to either of the other two 
methods. Table 7 shows the corresponding differences 
for various classes of the population, classified by sex. 



Table 1. — Excess of the average per cut that die numbers in quin- 
quennial groups containing even multiples ofSforms of the arithmeti 
mean of the numbers in the two adjacent groups, over the correspond- 
ing per cent for groups containing odd multiples of 5, for the aggre- 
gate, native white, foreign white, and negro population, classified by 
sex, for continental United Slates: 1900. 



CLASS OF POPULATION. 


Method I. 


Method II. 


Method III. 


Aggregate population: 


3.6 
3.6 
3.6 


7.1 
6.8 
7.2 


9.2 

8 2 




9.4 






Native white population: 


2.9 
3.1 

2.6 

3.4 
3.1 
3.6 

9.9 
7.5 
12.5 


4.3 
4.4 
4.2 

8.3 
7.7 
8.8 

23.7 
19.9 
28.5 










5 9 


Foreign white population: 


11.8 

11 






Negro population: 






17.7 




37.7 







The sizes of the differences shown in Table 7 indicate 
the extent to which preference is given in the age 
reports to multiples of 10 rather than to odd multiples 
of 5. This preference is most marked with the negro 
population, and is more marked with the foreign white 
than with the native white population. It is more 
strongly marked for females than for males. But the 
most important fact brought out by Table 7, as by 
Table 6, is that Method I, in which the year of concen- 
tration is the lowest year in the group, is the most 
accurate method of grouping; while Method III, in 
which the year of special concentration is the highest 
year in the group, is the least accurate. This indicates 
that the tendency to understate ages is much stronger 
than the tendency to overstate them. The tendency to 
understatement of age is strongest in the negro popu- 
lation; stronger in the foreign white than in the native 
white population; and stronger with females than with 
males. It is undoubtedly true, although the preceding 
tables do not show it, that persons of advanced age in 
the United States, as elsewhere, are liable to overstate 
their ages. Further discussion of this point will be 
found in the section on centenarians. 

Children s ages. — An examination of the graphic rep- 
resentation of the reported ages does not reveal, for 
most of the ages below 20, an}- special form of error, 
beyond the tendency to prefer even numbers to odd 
ones, which is noticeable throughout the age tabic 
But it will be seen that there is an apparent deficiency 
in the number of children in their second year of life — 
reported in the census tables as " 1 year old/' Table 8 
shows the number of children at each year of age 



17 



under 5, and the per cent which that number forms 
of the total number under 5, for the censuses of 1900, 
1890, and 1880. 

Table 8. — Aggregate population at each year of age under o, • mil 
per cent that number at each age forms of the Ma! under 6, for con- 
tinental United States: 1900, 1890, and 1SS0. 



Under 1 year 

1 year 

2 years 

3 years 

4 years 



1900 



Number. 



1,916,892 
1,768,078 
1,830,332 

1,X24,312 
1,831,014 



Per 
cent. 



20.9 
19.3 
19.9 
19.9 
20.0 



1, 666, 734 
1,077,008 
1,729,817 
1,631,988 
1,629,146 



Per 

cent. 



20. ft 
14.] 
22.7 
21.4 
21.3 



1880 



Number. 



1,447,983 
1,256,956 
1,427,086 
1,381,274 
1,401,217 



Per 
cent. 



20.9 
18.2 
20.6 
20.0 
20.3 



At each of the three censuses considered fewer chil- 
dren were returned as 1 year old than at any other 
age under 5 — a deficiency which was most noticeable in 
1890 and least noticeable in 1900. It should be remem- 
bered, however, that in 1890 the age inquiry related to 
"age at nearest birthday," and that since the ages of chil- 
dren under 1 were obtained by months, the class tabu- 
lated as " 1 year old" included, so far as the instructions 
were strictly followed by the enumerators, only those 
between 12 and 18 months, inclusive. We should 
expect that the number of children 1 year old would 
be noticeably less than the number under 1 year old, 
on account of the very heavy death rate in the first 
year of life; but there is no reason to believe that 
there are fewer children 1 year old than 2 years old. 
Table 9 shows the per cents which the number reported 
at each of the first three years of life make of the total 
under 5 in the censuses of certain countries in which — 
as in the United States — the age question has reference 
to the last birthday, and the ages of children under 1 
are obtained in completed months. 

Table 9. — Per cent that population m each sp< cified year of age forms 
of the total population lea than 5 years nf age, for countries in which 
ages are obtained by asking "age at last birthday." ' 



COUNTRY. 


Date of 
census. 


PER CENT OF TOTAL UNDER 
5 YEARS. 


Under 1 
year. 


1 year. 


2 years. 




1891 
1890 
1891 

1896 
1890 
1891 
1891 
1891 
1891 
1891 
1891 


20.0 
20.5 
21.2 
20. 6 
19.3 
21.0 
19.8 
21.4 
20. 5 
21.4 
22 1 
22. U 


17.1 
20.4 
19.5 
18.8 
17.8 
19.5 
17.8 
19.1 
19.1 
17.8 
19.8 
19.9 














20 7 




20 7 








20 7 




20.0 




20.2 




20.4 




19.9 




1891 


20.1 







1 Compiled from the census reports of the countries named. 



Iii each of the censuses shown in the table, with the 
exception of that of Denmark, the number in the sec- 
ond year of life was less than the number in either the 
first or the third year. 

Table 10 shows corresponding per cents for the cen- 
suses of those countries in which the information as to 
age is obtained by asking the date of birth. 

Table 10. — Per rent that population <it each specified year of age 
forms of the total population less than 5 years of age, for countries in 
which ages arc obtained by asking "rlali' of birth." ' 



Austria 

Belgium 

Germany . . . 

Hungary 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Sweden 

Switzerland 



Date of 
census. 



1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 
ls.v.1 
1891 
1890 

1 ss.S 



PER CENT OF TOTAL UNDER 
5 YEARS. 



Under 1 
year. 



22. 9 
22.1 
22.2 
22. 5 
22.4 
22.3 
20.9 
21.7 



1 year. 



19.6 
22.2 
19.9 
17.3 
20.4 
18.9 
19.7 
20.0 



19.6 
19.4 
19.8 
20.2 
19.6 
19.4 
19.9 
19.8 



1 Compiled from the census reports of the countries named. 

In only three of the countries included in Table 10 
is the number returned as in the second year of life 
Ic^n than the number reported as in the third year of 
life. It is legitimate to infer, from the marked differ- 
ence between these results and those shown in Table 9, 
that the form of the age question has a very consider- 
able influence on the accuracy of the returns, and that 
the addition of the inquiry as to date of birth in the 
United States census must have increased the accuracy 
of the reported ages of young children. This inference 
is supported by the fact that the addition of the new 
inquiry did materially increase the accuracy of the re- 
ported ages of adults. There seems to be no reason for 
supposing that it did not have a corresponding effect on 
the returns of children's ages. At any rate, the results 
shown in Table 8 make it clear that the deficiency in 
the reported number of children 1 year old was less 
marked in 1900 than in either 1890 or 1880. 

Another defect generally found in census age tables 
is a deficiency in the number of children in the first year 
of life. In countries in which accurate records of the 
births and deaths are kept this can be shown by com- 
parison of the census returns and the registration 
records. In the United States it was first pointed out 
by Dr. Edward Jarvis, 1 who showed that the number 
of children reported by the census of 1850 was not 
enough to account for the number of survivors who 
were 10 years older at the census of 1860. Gen. 
Francis A. "Walker, Superintendent of the Ninth and 

•Article on "Immigration," Atlantic Monthly, April, 1872. 



is 



Tenth censuses, attributed this deficiency to the fad 
thai parents have a tendency to report children who are 
in their first year of age as " 1 yearold." 1 Dr. William 
Farr had previously reached a similar conclusion with 
regard to the English census. 8 This explanation is gen- 
erally accepted as accounting in large measure for the 
apparent deficiencies in the number of young children. 
It is evident that the habit of denoting a child's age by 
the year of life, rather than by the completed year, influ- 
ences the ret urns for older children a> well as for those 
under 1. The marked deficiency in the number of 
children 1 year old must be attributed to this cause. 
The asking of the ages of children under I by months 
has lessened the overstatement in that year, so that the 
second class has gained less from the first than it has 
lost to the third. Additional light is thrown on this 
question by Table 11, which shows the per cents that 
the population id' different classes under I. 1. and -J 
years old make of the total population less than 5. 

Pable 11. — Per cent thai population <it eacJi specified ".</< forms of 
tht toted population undi r 5 years of age belonging i<> specifit 'I <l,ixs, s, 
for continental United Stales: 1900, 1890, and 1880. 





1900 


1890 


issn 


TION. 


i adei 
1 year. 


1 
year. 


2 
years. 


Under 

1 year. 


1 
year. 


2 
years. 


Under 

1 .voir. 


1 
year. 


2 

years. 


Aggregate ... 


•20.9 


19.3 


19.9 


20.5 


14.1 


22. 7 


20.9 


18.2 


20.0 


Native white 


21. 1 
20. 1 


19.3 
19. 1 


19.9 
20.5 


20.9 
19.7 


14.1 
14.7 


■1-1. 7 
22: :t 


21.1 
29. 1: 


18.3 

17.7 


20.6 
20.9 







Iii comparing the results shown for the three cen- 
suses in Table 11, it should he remembered that the 
class tabulated as "under5" in 1890 included only chil- 
dren who were reported to have lived less than 4 
years and 6 months, while in L880 and L900 the same 
class included all children who were reported as having 
lived less than ."> full years. That is. the per cents 
shown in the table for 1890 have been obtained by the 
use of a relatively smaller divisor than was used in 
obtaining the per cents for 1880 and 1900. Hence the 
fact that the per cent which the population under 1 
forms of the population "•under 5" is somewhat smaller 
for 1890 than for 1880 or 1900 indicates that the over- 
statement of the ages of children really in their first 
year of life was much more frequent in L890 than in 
either of the other censuses. This conclusion is con- 
firmed by an examination of the per cents which the 
number "I year old" 1 forms of the number under 5 
for 1890. These per cents arc too large to represent 
the true proportion of children between li' and 18 
months, inclusive, to children less than .">+ months old. 
Remembering that the number reported as 1 year old 
is usually too small rather than too large, it will be seen 
that some peculiar causes of error were at work in 1890. 

'Ninth Census, Report on Population, pages xxix and \xx; 
Report on Vital Statistics, page 516. 
2 Fair, Vital Statistics, page 208. 



It may be assumed that many persons disregarded the 
exact form of the age inquiry in 1890, and that to some 
extent the age returns of that census as of other cen- 
sus! s represent the completed years. This assumption 
is corroborated by the fact that the per cents which 
the population 1 year old form of the total under 5 in 
1890 show less difference from the corresponding per 
cents for 1880 and 1900 in the case of the colored 
than in the case of the native white population. This 
indicates that the more illiterate population, or the 
enumerators working among them, gave less attention 
lo the exact form of the age question. This failure to 
return all ages at the nearest birthday would partly 
explain the excessive number returned as " 1 year old" 
in 1890, but it seems probable that there was another 
cause of error which also operated to swell that number. 
The instructions to enumerators in that census were to 
the effect that ages should be returned at the nearest 
birthday, but that the ages of children under 1 should 
be reported by single months. It is natural that some 
of the enumerators should have interpreted these in- 
structions as meaning that only T the ages of children 
less than 6 months old should lie reported by single 
months. This would decrease the number of chil- 
dren reported as in their first year of life, and would 
correspondingly increase the number reported as 1 
year old. It is fair to conclude that the number of 
children under 1 is stated more accurately by the cen- 
sus of 1900 than by that of 1890. Moreover, there 
is good reason for believing that in this particular 
the census of 1900 is more accurate than that of 
1880. The addition of the inquiry as to date of birth 
has increased the general accuracy of the age returns, 
and has probably lessened the overstatement of the 
ages of children under 1 as well as of children 1 year 
old. Evidence of this decreased overstatement is given 
in Table 11, where the per cent that the population 
2 y r ears old forms of the total population under 5 is 
shown to be smaller in 1900 than in 1880. The re- 
turns of the population less than 1 year old by months 
throw some light on the question of overstatement. 
These returns were not tabulated at the census of 1880, 
and in 1890 and 1900 they were tabulated only by three- 
month periods. Table 12 shows the per cent that the 
population in each of these periods forms of the total 
under 1. for 1900 and L890. 

Table 12. — Per cent that papulation at specified months of age, forms 
of the total population less than 1 year of age, for continental United 
States: 1900 and i.svo. 





11100 


1890 


iOS. 


Aggre- 
gate. 


Native 
whin-. 


Col- 

nivtl. 


Aggre- 
gate. 


Native 
white. 


Col- 
ored. 




25.4 
25. 9 
24.8 
23. '.1 


25.1 
25.5 
25. 1 
24 3 


27.1 
28. 1 
23.3 
21.2 


22.6 
28.1 
29. 2 
20.1 


22.4 
27. 9 
29. 2 
20.5 


23.4 




29.4 




29.3 




17.9 







19 



It will be noted that in Table 12 there is a marked 
deficiency of children in the last quarter of their first 
year of life in 1890 as compared with 1900. This fact 
supports the inference already made, that overstatement 
was more common in 1890 than in 1900. Children in 
the third quarter of their first year of life, however, 
seem to be relatively more numerous in 1890 than in 
1900. This is undoubtedly due to the concentration 
of reported ages on "6 months." In the Massachu- 
setts census of 1895, in which ages were ascertained in 
the same way as in the Federal census of 1890, but tabu- 
lated for each month of the first year, more children 
were reported as 6 months old than in any other 
month, the number thus reported amounting to 11.1 
per cent of the total population under 1. 

For those states in which the registration of births 
and deaths is fairly complete, it is possible to test the 
comparative accuracy of the returns of children under 
1 year at different censuses. If the registrations of 
births and deaths were tabulated so as to show not only 
the total number of births in each month, but also the 
month of birth and the month of death of children dying 
before they have lived one year, it would be possible 
to estimate with reasonable accuracy from such records 
the number of children less than a year old living at a 
given date, such as the date for which the census speaks. 
But the published registration reports, although 
giving the number of births in each month, classify 
deaths and ages at time of death only by years. It 
is necessaiy, therefore, to assume that five-twelfths of 
the total number of deaths of children under 1 year in a 
given calendar year were before and seven-twelfths after 
June 1. This assumption does not quite accord with tin' 
facts, infant mortality being higher in summer than in 
winter. But the error thus introduced will be small, 
and for purposes of comparison may be disregarded. 



The proportion of the number of deaths of childi"en 
under 1 in the twelve months preceding the taking 
of the census (estimated in the manner just described) 
to 1,0(10 births in the same period may be called the 
"infantile death rate.'' Such a rate is, of course, 
valid only for purposes of comparison. We have 
as data, then, the number of births during the year 
preceding the taking of the census, the infantile death 
rate, and the number of survivors as returned by the 
census. We can then ascertain by a simple propor- 
tion what the approximate number of survivors would 
have been in a given census if the death rate had been 
what it was in the year preceding a later census, and if 
the degree of completeness of the census and the regis- 
tration statistics had been unchanged. Having thus 
adjusted the returns of the earlier census to correspond 
with the death rate at the later census, the next step is 
to obtain the ratio of this adjusted number of survivors 
to the number of births during the preceding vear. 
The same proportion of the number of births during 
the year preceding the taking of the later census will 
be an approximation to the number of children less than 
a year old that should have been returned by the later 
census if the registration records and the census were 
about as accurate as they were at the earlier census. 
The difference between this estimated number and the 
number enumerated will be a very fair measure of the 
deficiency <>r excess in the later census as compared 
witl: the earlier one. Table 13 shows such a comparison 
of the census and registration statistics of Rhode Island, 
Massachusetts, and Connecticut for L900, I890,and 1880. 
The census of 1880 is taken as the standard of compari- 
son. The point to be observed is that if the census and 
the registration of births were as accurate at one period 
as another, the "deficiencies** would be approximately 

zero. • 



Table 13.-C0MPARIS0N OF THE POPULATION LESS THAN 1 YEAB OF AGE WITH THE REGISTRATION RECORDS 
OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS FOR MASSACHUSETTS, CONNECTICUT, ANH LIIODE ISLAND: 1900, 1890, AND 1880. 



Births, year ending May 31 

Deaths of children under 1 year of age 

Infantile death rate 

Survivors, by census 

Estimated survivors 

Apparent deficiency 

Per cent of deficiency 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



190(1 



71,936 

10, 936 

152 

60, 492 

'.I, Mj. 

4. 054 

6.3 



1890 



57,813 

9.322 
161 
43, 043 
51, 120 
S.077 
15.8 



1SS0 



42,053 

6,411 

152 

37,586 



CONNECTICUT. 



1900 



20, 881 

3,114 
149 
19,774 
19,111 
-663 
-3.5 



1890 



17, 367 

2, 181 

143 

It, 469 

16.020 

1,551 

9.7 



lssn 



13,906 

1,927 

189 

12, S79 



RHODE ISLAND. 



1900 



10,816 

1,850 

171 

9,368 

166 

4.7 



1890 



8,399 
1,422 

169 

6,890 

658 

768 

10.0 



ISSO 



797 
125 

6,132 
5, 824 



Table 13 shows that if the accuracy of the registra- 
tion reports was constant, the census returns of children 
were much less complete in 1890 than in 1880 in each 
of the states considered. The results for 1900 show 
smaller relative deficiencies in Rhode Island and Mas- 
sachusetts, and a gain in Connecticut. This would in- 
dicate that the returns of children's ages in Massachu- 
setts and Rhode Island were more complete in 1900 



than in 1890. but less complete than in 1SS0, while in 
Connecticut they were more complete in 1900 than in 
either 1880 or 1890. But these results may indicate 
improvements in the registration of births. In fact, 
the laws governing the registration of births in Massa- 
chusetts were changed at such a time as to affect the com- 
parisons between 1880 and 1890, and the laws in Rhode 
Island and Connecticut were changed between 1890 and 



20 



1900.' J n these changes we have the explanation of 
the excess of the apparent deficiency in Massachusetts 
for 1890 over the deficiencies for the, other states in the 
same census. Here too, undoubtedly, lies the explana- 
tion of the apparent deficiencies in Massachusetts and 
Rhode Island for 1900 as compared with 1880. It is 
significant that, notwithstanding improvements in the 
registration returns, the results for Connecticut show 
that the census of L900 was relatively more complete 
in its reports of children under L than the census of 
I ssi i. In general these results confirm the previous 
inference that the reports of the ages of young children 
were much more accurate in 1900 than in 1890 and 
probably more accurate than in 1880. 

It is thought by some that the apparent deficiencies 
in the number of children returned by the census are 
in large measure real deficiencies. 8 It is a matter of 
general census experience that the persons giving 
the information to the enumerators do not always 
realize, the necessity of including young children in the 
census, and that a few are accordingly omitted. 3 But 
such omissions are unimportant as compared with the 
errors resulting from overstatement of ages. There is 
no reason for believing that the omissions were relatively 
more numerous at one census than at another, while it 
is certain that the manner of obtaining the information 
as to age had an important influence upon the accuracy 
of the returns. 

Criiti -iiariiins. — If the returns were accurate there 
must have been 3,504 persons in the United States in 
1 91 II i who had lived more than one hundred years. There 
is no doubt, however, that this number is an exaggera- 
tion, 4 although it is a relatively smaller number than 
has been returned at any other census of the United 
States. The. number of centenarians in 100,000 popu- 
lation of known ages at the last six censuses has been 
as follows: 1850, 11; 1860, 10; 1870, 9; 1880, 8; 1890, 
6; 1900, 5. This regular diminution indicates, not that 
the longevity of the population has been decreasing, 
but that in this as in other particulars the accuracy of 
the age statistics of the census has been increasing. 
Table 14 shows the number of centenarians in lOO.oon 
population of all ages, classified by sex, race, and 
nativity, at the last three censuses. 

1 Massachusetts Registration Report, 1880, appendix, page clxxvi; 
Connecticut Registration Report, 1900, page 5; Rhode Island Regis- 
tration Report, 1900, page 136. 

2 Twelfth Census, Vol. Ill, page xl. 

3 This subject has been treated by the present writer in an 
article on "The Enumeration of Children," Quarterly Publications 
of the American Statistical Association, March, 1901, Vol. VII, 
pages 227 to 254. 

*In European census practice it is quite common to check the 
accuracy of the returns of centenarians by special investigation of 
each case For a partial list of such investigations see G. von 
Mayr, Statistik und Gesellsehaftslehre, Vol. II, page 74. 

"In Prussia the number of persons [in a total population of 
30,000,000] declared to be more than 100 years old in 1890 was 149, 
of whom more than one-half were discovered upon investigation to 
be of less age; and of these 8.8 per cent were found to be from 95 to 
100; 14.3 between 90 and 95; and the rest not yet 90 years old." — 
Mayo-Smith, Statistics and Sociology, page 61. 

Even the uncorrected figures for Prussia amount to a proportion 
of only one centenarian in every 200,000 of the population — about 
one-thirteenth of the proportion in the United States in the same 
year. 



Table 14. — Population over 100 years of age in 100,000 of all known 
ages, by 8< ', rare, and natiriti/, for continental United Stales: 1900, 
1S90, and 1SS0. 



SEX, RACE, NATIVITY, OR NATIVITY Of PARENTS. 


1900 


1890 


1880 


Aggregate 


4.6 
3.3 
6.0 


6.4 
4.4 
8.5 


8.0 




5 5 




10.6 






Native white: 


0.8 
0.5 
1.6 

1.0 

0.6 
1.3 

0.3 
0.3 

0.4 

3.9 
3.3 
4.6 

29.0 
21.0 
38.0 


1.4 
1.0 
1.9 

1.7 
1.2 

2.3 

0.6 
0.5 
0.6 

1. 1 
3.6 
6.3 

38.6 
J5.6 
51.6 


1.6 




1.3 




1.9 


Native white— native parents: 












Native white— foreign parents: 












Foreign white: 


5.6 




4 4 




6.8 


Colored: 


45.4 




29.9 


Females 


60.8 



The most noticeable fact shown by Table 14 is that 
the proportion of persons who were reported to be over 
100 years old in 1900 is thirty-six times as great for the 
colored as for the native white population. This differ- 
ence seems even more remarkable when it is remem- 
bered that the death rate of the colored population is 
considerably higher than that of any other class, 5 and 
that consequently the real proportion of centenarians is 
probably less for the colored than for any other class. 

The relatively low proportion of centenarians among 
the native white population of foreign parents is to 
be explained by the fact that there were very few per- 
sons of foreign birth in the United States one hundred 
years ago. 

It will be noted that for every class of the population 
the proportion of reported centenarians is greater for 
females than for males. This should not be taken as in- 
dicating a greater tendency to the overstatement of age 
among women of advanced age than among men. In 
the greater number of age periods the mortality of 
males is higher than that of females, and consequently 
more females attain advanced age. For both sexes and 
for all classes of the population the three censuses show 
a progressive improvement in the accuracy of the re- 
turns of centenarians. 

Definite proof of the inaccuracy of the returns of 
centenarians is given in Table 15, in which the correla- 
tion between illiteracy and the proportion of centena- 
rians is shown. The various states are ranked in order 
of the proportion of reported centenarians in their 
population, as well as in the order of the per cent of their 
population 10 years of age and over who can not read 
or write. If the correlation were perfect, the ranks of 
the states with respect to these two ratios would, of 
course, be identical — that is, the differences shown in 
the last column of the table would be zero. So close a 
correlation can not be expected, for the number of re- 

5 For comparative death rates see Twelfth Census, Vol. Ill, page 
lxix. 



21 



ported centenarians depends upon (1) the number of 
actual centenarians in the population; (2) the number 
of persons less than 100 years old, but of advanced age; 
(3) the proportion of the total number of persons of 
advanced age who erroneously return themselves as over 
100. Only the third factor can be supposed to have 
any connection with the illiteracy of the population. 

Table 15. — Correlation between illiteracy and the number of reported 
a ntenarians in 100,000 of known ages, for stales and territories: 1900. 



STATE OR TERRITORY. 



Number Percent 
of cente- illiterate 
narians I in popu 



100,000 
of known 
age. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District of Columbia . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indian Territory 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana — 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



lation 10 

years and 

over. 



(') 



(') 



31.0 

29.0 

20.4 
4.8 
4.2 
5.9 

12.0 
8.6 

21.9 

30.5 
4.6 
4.2 

19.0 
4.6 
2.3 
2.9 

16.5 

38.5 
5.1 

11.1 
6.9 
4.2 
4.1 

32.0 
6.4 
6.1 
2.3 

13.3 
6.2 
5.9 

33.2 
5.5 

28.7 
5.6 
4.0 
5.5 
3.3 
6.1 
8.4 

35.9 
5 

20 7 

14. 5 
3.1 
5.8 

22.9 
3.1 

11.4 
4.7 
4.0 



In pro- 




portion 


In illiter- 


of cente- 


acy. 


narians. 




5 


3 


1 


7 


14 


12 


18 


35 


39 


11 


43 


27 


44 


17 


16 


20 


7 


10 


6 


6 


32 


38 


35 


10 


12 


13 


29 


37 


11 


49 


21 


48 


17 


11 


4 


1 


31 


33 


19 


19 


37 


26 


28 


39 


48 


42 


2 


5 


23 


22 


27 


25 


46 


50 


3 


16 


22 


23 


42 


28 


9 


4 


38 


32 


10 


8 


40 


30 


36 


43 


20 


31 


34 


45 


45 


24 


47 


21 


8 


2 


49 


34 


15 


11 


11 


15 


26 


46 


25 


29 


13 


9 


24 


47 


30 


18 


S3 


36 


50 


44 



Differ- 
ence. 



3 
2 


11 

11 
6 
3 
1 
2 
4 

13 
1 

14 
5 
6 
2 

10 
7 

11 

11 

21 

26 
6 

15 
4 
4 

20 
4 
4 

23 

16 
3 
6 



1 Less than 0. 5 in 100,000. 

The degree of correlation between the proportion of 
centenarians and the illiteracy of the population is 
indicated by the fact that for 24 of the 50 states the 
differences shown in the last column are less than 6. 
If there were no correlation between the two ratios the 
"median difference" would be as liable to be over 14 
us to be under 15. 

The general age constitution of the state of Iowa is 
fairly typical of that of continental United States as a 
whole, and in Iowa the percent illiterate in the popula- 
tion 10 years old and over is less than in any other state 
except Nebraska. There were in Iowa, in 1900, 2,226,- 
632 persons of known age, of whom 26 were reported to 



be more than 100 years old. The corresponding pro- 
portion of the population of continental United States 
would give 884 centenarians, or about one-fourth the 
reported number. "This number, however, can scarcely 
be regarded as even a maximum estimate; the true 
number was undoubtedly much less. 

AGE CONSTITUTION OF THE POPULATION. 

Median and average ages. — The simplest and prob- 
ably the most significant single expression of the age 
constitution of the population is the median age. This 
is the age with reference to which the population can 
be divided into halves — that is, half of the population 
are younger and half are older than the median age. In 
the computation of the median age, it is assumed that 
the population in the year of life in which the median 
falls is evenly distributed through that year. The death 
rate at the ages in which the median falls is so small 
that the exaggeration of the median age produced by 
this assumption is very slight. Table 16 shows the 
median age for different classes of the population at the 
census of 1900. 

Table 16. — Median age of the population classified by sex, general 
nativity, and race, for persons of known nor in continental United 
Stales: 1900. 



CLASS OF POPULATION. 



Aggregate 

Native born 

Fi treigD 1 >orn 

Total white 

Native white 

Native white— native parents . 
Native white— foreign parents 

Foreign white 

Total colored 

Negro 



Both 
sexes. 



22. 85 



211. Id 

38. 12 

23. 36 
20.22 
21.10 
1- 05 
38. 13 
19.70 
19.45 



20.20 
38.71 
23.82 

20.33 
21.27 
17.99 
38.71 
19.97 
19.45 



Females. 



22. 43 



20. 02 
38.03 
22. 91 
20. 12 
20. 93 
18.11 
38.04 
19.46 
19.44 



For the aggregate population of both sexes the median 
age is 22.85; for males it is 23.29, and for females it is 
22.43 years. The difference between the median ages of 
the two sexes is about 10 months. Part of this differ- 
ence is due to the larger number of foreign born persons 
among the males than among the females. Among the 
different classes of the population the median age is 
highest for the foreign born population and lowest for 
the native whites of native parents. The foreign born 
population increases through immigration, mainly of 
adults. This explains the high median age of the 
foreign born, and, coupled with a relatively high birth 
rate, it explains the low median age of their native 
children. There is a difference of 1,65 years between 
the median age of the native white population of native 
parents and that of the negro population, which indi- 
cates the higher birth rate and death rate of the latter 
class. For each class of the population except the na- 
tive white of foreign parents the median age is higher 
for males than for females. It will be noted, however, 



22 



that with the exception of the foreign horn population 
and cif the native white population of foreign parents 
the median age falls where it would be affected by the 
tendency of males to overstate theft ages for the pur 
pose of being counted as of voting - age. If there is 
any bias in the errors in the age returns of females at 
corresponding ages, it takes the form of understate- 
ment. In view of these considerations it seems unsafe 
to attach any special significance to the difference be- 
tween the median ages of males and females. 

Table 1" shows the median age of the population 
classified as living in urban and in rural districts in L90O. 

Table 17. — Median "•/, of the population, classified by sea and as 
living in cities having at least 25, 000 inhabitants, in cities having at 
leant 100,(11/0 (iilialiiin)it.<, ami in smaller cities and rural districts, for 
continental United States. 1900. 





Both 

sexes. 


Mules. 


Females. 




22. 85 


23.29 


■-'2. 13 








25.40 
21.85 
25.36 
22 22 


25 s:t 
22 ::i 
25. 79 
22.68 


".".HI 




21.33 
24.97 


Smaller cities and rural districts 


21 . 75 



The median age of the population living in cities 
of over 25,0(in inhabitants is about three and one-half 
years greater than that of the population living in 
smaller cities and rural districts. This difference may 
he attributed to two main causes — the higher birth rate 
of the rural districts, and the migration from the country 
to the cities, which, like migration from abroad, consists 
largely of adults. Moreover, the cities contain a larger 
proportion of foreign born persons than do the rural 
districts. The median age of the population in cities 
having between 25,000 and 100.000 inhabitants is some- 
what higher than it is in larger cities. The difference 
between the median ages of the population in urban and 
in rural districts is slightly larger for women than for 
men. 

Table 18 shows the median age of the population, 
classified by sex, for every census the United States has 
taken. Before. 1880 the ages of the population were not 
given by single years. In 1790 the ages of only the 
free white male population were obtained, and in only 
two groups — under 16 and over 16. In successive cen- 
suses new details were added to the age classification, 
and since 1830 the ages of that part of the popula- 
tion in which the median age falls have been tabulated 
in quinquennial groups. For the censuses before 1880 
it has been assumed for the purpose of computing the 
median age that the proportions of the population at 



the single years within the groups were as in 1900. 
For the colored population the returns of the negro 
population in L900 have been used as a standard, for no 
other classes were counted as ••colored"' before L870. 

Table 18. — Median age of tfa population classified by sex and race, 
for continental United stairs: 1790 to 1900. 





HGGREGATE. 


WHITE. 


COLORED. 


CENSUS, 


Both 
sexes. 


Males. 


Pe 

males. 


Both 
sexes. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Both 




Fe 

inn lis 


1900 


22.85 
21.42 
20 86 
20.14 

I'.i :w 
18.83 
17 Til 
17. 16 
16. 05 


23. 29 

21.. SO 
21. 13 
20. 22 
19.71 
19.12 
17.78 
17.06 
16.57 


22. 13 
21.00 
20. 62 
20. H7 
19.03 
L8.66 
17.73 
17.27i 
16.73 


23.36 
21.91 
21.32 
20.38 
19.70 
19.12 
17.85 
17.21 
16. 53 
15.99 
15.97 


23.82 
21.34 

21.60 
20. 52 
20.11 
19.49 
17.92 
17. 15 
16.49 
15.87 
16. 73 
15.88 


22.91 
21. 55 
21.01 
ii 2 . 
19. 32 
18.78 
17.77 
17.27 
16.58 
10.13 
16.27 


19.70 
17. 83 
18.01 
18.49 
17. 65 
17.33 
17. 27 
16.90 
17. 15 


19.97 
17. 92 
17.98 
18. 19 

17. 78 
17.27 
17.03 
16 55 
16 94 


19.16 


1890 


17.7.". 


18S0 


1- ii 


1870 


1 s. 78 


1860 


17.62 


1 851 1 


17 III 


1840 . 


17.51 


1830 


17. 1 1 


1820 


17.36 


1810 .. 




1800 . . . 














1790 .. 



























The most significant fact shown by the results in 
Table 18 is the general increase in the median age of 
the population. This is probably due to a combina- 
tion of factors, among which are a decreasing birth 
rate, a decreasing death rate, and an increase in the 
number of the foreign born. The median age of the 
aggregate population of both sexes has increased during 
every decade since 1820. The total amount of this in- 
crease in the eight, decades is 6.2 years, or an average of 
about two-thirds of a year per decade. The greatest 
apparent increase has been between 1890 and 1900, but 
this is probably due in part to the fact that in 1890 many 
persons gave their ages as at their last birthday, not- 
withstanding the fact that the question in that census 
called for ••age at nearest birthday." This error un- 
doubtedly makes the median age for that census some- 
what too low. The median age of the white popula- 
tion increased during each decade from 1810 to 1900, 
the increase amounting in the ninety years to 7.4 
years, or an average increase of about five-sixths of a 
year in a decade. For both the white and the colored 
population the increase in the median age has been 
greater for males than for females. So far as the 
white population is concerned this may be partly clue 
to the large excess of males in the increasing foreign 
born population. 

Table 19 shows the median age and quartiles for 
states and territories at the census of 1900. The quar- 
tiles might be called ''secondary medians." One-fourth 
of the population are below and three-fourths are above 
the first quartile; three-fourths are below and one- 
fourth are above the second quartile. 



23 

Table 19.— MEDIAN AGE AND QUARTILES OF THE TOTAL POPULATION: 1900. 



STATE OR TERRITORY. 



Continental United States 

North Atlantic division 

New England 

Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

Southern North Atlantic 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

South Atlantic division 

Northern South Atlantic 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District of Columbia 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

Southern South Atlantic 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

North Central division 

Eastern North Central . . 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 



Median 

age. 



27.11 



27.92 
28.50 
27. 96 
26.91 
26.24 
26.85 

25.29 



26.17 
'.'.5. 15 
24.20 

19.98 



21.72 



24.63 
23.39 
27.10 
20. 28 
20.28 

18.70 

18.68 
18.04 
18.80 
20. 39 

23.35 



24.09 



24.89 

23. 96 

24. 57 
22. 26 



First 
quartile. 



10. 52 



13.49 



13.66 
14.40 
13.47 
13.47 
13. 15 
13.15 

11.92 



12. 64 
11.85 
11. 20 



10.12 



11.81 
11.10 
15. 0U 
9.39 
9.17 

8.61 



8.49 
8.29 
8.53 
9.10 

10.86 



11.29 



11.99 
11.45 
11.02 
11.66 

10.18 



Second 
quartile. 



38. 75 



10. 81 



42. 85 



46.33 
16.08 
16. 48 
11. 57 
41.18 
12. 18 

40.30 



40.85 
40. 23 
39.49 



38.05 



40.86 
39.62 
41.12 
36. 82 
35. 32 

33.81 



34.81 
32.27 
33.58 
34.78 



40.10 



41.10 
40. 48 
38.79 
41.29 
39.20 



STATE OR TERRITORY. 



Continental United States — Continued 
North Central division — Continued. 
Western North Central 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North Dakota 

South Dakota 

Nebraska 

Kansas 

South Central division 

Eastern South Central 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Western South Central 

Louisiana 

Arkansas 

Indian Territory 

Oklahoma 

Texas 

Western division 

Rocky Mountain 

Montana 

Idaho 

Wyoming 

I !olorado - - 

New Mexico 

Basin and Plateau 

Arizona 

Utah 

Nevada 

Pacific 

Washington 

Oregon 

California 



Median 
age. 



First 
quartile, 



22.23 



22. 02 
22. 96 
22. 36 
20. 77 
20. 74 
21.60 
22.22 

19.21 



19.65 



20. 73 
19.91 
18.77 
18. 46 

18.84 



19. 36 
18.66 
18.11 
19.94 
18.68 

25. Ml 



24. 93 



26.60 
22.45 
24.89 
25.92 
21.12 

21. 33 



24.21 
19.07 
28. SO 

27.12 



25.80 
25. 33 
28.04 



10. 29 



9.78 
10.71 
10. 53 
8.70 
9.29 
9.98 
10. 62 

8.76 



8.97 



9.56 
9.26 
8.58 
8.43 

8.54 



8.69 
8.55 
8.16 
8.79 
8.49 

12. 02 



10.93 



12.11 
9.54 
11.53 
11.89 
8.86 



10.60 
8.49 
14.56 



11.81 
12. 19 
14.14 



Second 
quartile. 



38.24 



37. 52 
39.30 
38.11 
35.26 
37.40 
37.53 
39.21 

34.18 



34.83 



36.52 
35.34 
33.57 
32. 51 

33.46 

33.97 
33.21 
31.96 
35.56 
33.24 

40.24 



38.49 



3S.14 
37. 69 
36. 91 
39.19 
37.27 

37. 12 



38. 32 
35.19 
44.91 

41.59 



39.55 
40.70 
42. 81 



The median age is highest in the New England and 
the Pacific states, and lowest in the Southern South 
Atlantic and the Western South Central divisions. 
The maximum, 28.50 years, is in New Hampshire; 
the minimum, 18.04 years, is in South Carolina. The 
region in which the median age is higher than that of 
continental United States as a whole includes all of 
the New England and North Atlantic states, the South 
Atlantic states north of the Potomac river, all the 
states of the Eastern North Central division except 
Wisconsin and Iowa, and all the states of the Western 
division except New Mexico, Utah, and Idaho. Map 1 
shows the geographic distribution of median ages, 
classified in three arbitrarily selected groups. 

The distribution of the quar tiles necessarily has a 
very close correlation with that of the median. The 
position of the lower quartile, however, is influenced 
especially by the proportion of children in the popula- 
tion, while the position of the upper quartile is more 
4091— Bull. No. 13—04 1 



responsive to variations in the proportions of persons 
of advanced years in the population. It is significant, 
therefore, that the maxima for the lower quartile are 
in California and Nevada, while the maxima for the 
upper quartile are in Maine, Vermont, and New Hamp- 
shire. For both quartiles the minima are in South 
Carolina and Indian Territory. 

Table 20 shows the average age of certain classes of 
the population in 1900. 1890, ami 1880. The average 
age is obtained by ascertaining the sum of the ages of 
the population and dividing this sum by the number 
of the population. For this purpose it is assumed thai 
the population is distributed evenly through each year 
of life; thus, the population reported as 47 years old 
is assumed to average 47i years. As the age tables do 
not show the ages of centenarians by single years, it 
has been assumed that their average age is that which 
the Massachusetts census of 1895 reports for that 
state — 102£ years. 



24 



MAP 1.— MEDIAN AGE OF THE TOTAL POPULATION, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: L900. 




Less than 
20.52 years. 

20.52 to 
25 years. 

More than 
H 25 years. 



25 

Table 20.— AVERAGE AGE OF THE POPULATION, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL 

UNITED STATES: 1900, 1890, AND 1880. 



All ages 

Unknown 

Known 

Sum of known ages. 
Average age 



AGGREGATE. 



1900 



75, 994, 573 

200, 584 

75, 793, 991 

1,989,260, 140 

26.2 



Isoo 



62,622,250 

162, 168 

62,460,085 

1,569,020,1'J4 
25.1 



I SMI 



50,155,783 
1,234,564,930 

24.6 



NATIVE WHITE. 



1900 



56, 595, 379 

120, 172 

56, 475. 207 

1,364,925,515 

24. 2 



1890 



1880 



45,862,023 36,843,291 

96, 524 

45,765,499 36,843,291 

1,056,226,318832,145,935 

23.1 22.6 



FOREIGN WHITE. 



1900 1890 1880 



10, 213, 817 

24,880 

in. 1ss,m:i7 

410,196,526 

40.3 



9, 121, 867 

24,617 

9,097,250 

344,032,595 

37.8 



6, 559, 679 



6,559,679 
251, 272, 979 
3S. 



1900 



9, 185, 379 

55, 532 

9,129,847 

214,138,444 

23.5 



1890 1880 



7, 638, 360 

41,024 

7, 597, 336 

168,761,281 

22,2 



6, 752, 813 



6,752,813 

148, 146, 065 

21.9 



The average age, like the median, has risen during 
the period from 1880 to 1900, the total increase for the 
aggregate population amounting to 1.6 years, while 
the increase in the median age in the same period was 
about 2 years. The increase in the average age of both 
the, native white and the colored population, also, was 
1.6 years, while the increase in the average age of the 
foreign white population was but one-tenth of a year less. 
During the period 1880 to 1890, in which an unprecedent- 
edly large number of immigrants came to the United 
States, the average age of the foreign born population 
declined. During the decade 1890 to 1900 the immigra- 
tion was less, so that at the end of the decade there was 
a relatively large number of foreign born persons who 
had been in the United States more than 1<> years. 
This caused an increase of a year and a half in the average 
age of the foreign white population during that decade. 
The average age, like the median, is highest for the for- 
eign white and lowest for the colored. In computing 
both the average and the median age it has been assumed 
that in 1890 the age question was answered as asked, 
that is, that the age reports represent the ages of the 
population at the nearest birthdays. If it be thought 
that for most of the returns the age was really age at 
last birthday, corresponding changes should be made 
in the average and median ages. On this supposition 
the median age for that census would be raised by 
6 months. The average age would be, for the aggre- 
gate population, 25.6 j 7 ears; for the native white. 23.6 
years; for the foreign white, 38.3 years; for the colored, 
22.7 years. 

Productive and nonproductive ages. — An age classifi- 
cation which is frequently used is that into productive 
and nonproductive ages. It has been said that from 
the economic point of view this is the most important 



of the statistical groupings of the population. 1 The 
idea is that the population can be grouped by ages in 
such a way r as to differentiate those who have to bear 
the brunt of the economic struggle and those who 
are economically dependent. The division usually 
adopted is into three groups, persons under 15 and per- 
sons over 60 years of age being classed as econom- 
ically unproductive. Of course the limits of these 
groups are arbitrarily- chosen and it is quite certain 
that they are not very accurate. The census of 1900 
showed that the per cent of males who were engaged 
in gainful occupations was as follows: 10 to 14 years of 
age. 21.4; 15to64 years of age, 90.8; 65 years and over. 
68.4. For females the per cents were as follows: 10 to 
14, 8.1; 15 to 64, 21.4; 65 and over, 9.1. The upper limit 
of the group of "productive ages" ought to be higher 
than either 60 or 65 years. Care should be taken, there- 
fore, not to place too much emphasis on the economic 
significance of the classification into "productive" and 
"nonproductive" ages. Yet this classification is not 
without utility. It is desirable for many purposes to 
have a classification of the ages of the population less 
detailed than the usual grouping in 5-year or 10-year 
periods, and for such purposes this one serves as well 
as any other. The year 15 marks off with a rough 
accuracy 7 the years of childhood from those of adult 
life. The year 60 marks quite as accurately the 
completion of the period of "middle age" and the 
beginning of "advanced years." Tables 21 and 22 
show the population in these three age groups classi- 
fied by sex, race, and nativity for the censuses of 1900, 
1890, and 1880. 

1 Wagner, Grundlegung der politischen Oekonomie, 3d ed., Vol. I, 
part 2, page 606. Cf. Engel, Der Werth des Menschen. 



Table 21. 



26 

POPULATION IN SPECIFIED M,K GROUPS, CLASSIFIED BY SEX, RACE 
NENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900, 1890, AND 1880. 



AND NATIVITY, Foil CONTI- 





1900 


1890 


1880 


BEX, RACK, "It NATIVITY. 


Under 15 
years. 


1 i to 59 
years. 


CO years 
and over. 


Under 15 
years. 


15 to ft9 
yi nr . 


60 years 
and over. 


Under 15 
years. 


1ft to ft',' 
years. 


60 years 
and over. 


Aggregate: 

Both sexes 


26,124,985 
13,196,049 
12 928 936 


44,797,145 
23,020,391 
21,776,754 


4,871,861 
2, 472, 585 
2,399,276 


22,242,200 

11,290,0118 
10,952, 192 


36, 342, 563 
18,681,914 

17,660,649 


3, 875, 322 
1,992,429 
1,882,893 


19, 109, 3C2 
'.i,i-,'.i(i,:i-'i 
9, 119,043 


28,218,743 
14, 376, 077 
13,842,666 


2,827,678 
1, 152, 122 




1,375,256 






Total white: 


i 1 39 '. L07 
11, 124,409 

22, i,S90 

11, 13 i, 181 
10,871,209 

511.126 
267, 926 
253 200 

3, 607. 469 
1,802 942 

1,804,527 


39,719,251 
20, 169,665 

19 149 86 

31,536,818 
16,007,985 
15 528 833 

■-. i- !, 133 
4, 161,680 
3,720,753 

5,077,894 
2,550,726 
2, 527, 168 


4,427,377 
2,241, 187 
2, 186,240 

2,931,999 
1,461,594 
1,470, 105 

1,495,378 
779, ft 11! 
Tl.i.sSft 

444, 4S4 
231,44.8 
213,036 


19,044,788 

9,672,145 
9,372,643 

18,313,429 
9,300,876 
9,012,553 

731,359 
371,269 

360, 090 

3,197,412 
1,617, sua 
1,579,549 


32,292,739 
16,642,776 
15,649,964 

26,086,799 
12,693,734 
12,393,065 

7,20ft.:' 10 

3,949,041 

156 399 

1,049,824 

2,039,139 
2,010,685 


3,525,222 
1,810,766 
1,714,456 

2,365,271 
1,195,848 
1,169,423 

1,159,951 
614,918 
645, 033 

350, 100 
181.663 
168, 437 


16,123,101 

8, INS, 222 

7,934,879 

15, 699, 594 
7,974,423 
7,725,171 

423, 507 
213, 799 
209, 708 

2, 986, 261 
1,502,099 
1,484,162 


24,759,003 
12,648,785 
12,110,218 

19,334,892 
9,721,948 

9,012,944 

5,424,111 
2, 926, 837 
2,497,274 

3,469,740 

1,727,292 
1,732,448 


2,520,866 
1 293 893 




1,808,805 


Native while: 




912,894 




995 'HI 


Foreign white: 


TlJ.Hhl 




380,999 




331,062 


Colored: 


306 812 




158,529 




148,283 







Table 22.— PER CENT THAT POPULATION IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS FORMS OF TOTAL POPULATION OF KNOWN 
AGES, CLASSIFIED BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900, 1890, AND 1880. 





1900 


1890 


1880 


SEX, RACE, OR NATIVITY. 


Under 15 

years. 


15 to 69 
years. 


00 years 
and over. 


Under 15 
years. 


15 to 59 
years. 


60 years 
and over. 


Under 15 
years. 


1ft to 59 
years. 


60 years 
and over 


Aggregate: 


34.5 
34.1 
34.8 


59.1 

59.5 
58.7 


6.4 
6.4 
6.5 


35.6 
35.3 
35.9 


58.2 
68.5 
57.9 


6.2 
6.2 

6.2 


38.1 
38.0 
38.2 


56.3 
66.3 
56.2 


ft. 6 




5 7 




5 6 






Total white: 


33.8 
33.4 
34.2 

39.0 
38.9 
39.0 

5.0 

1.7 
5.4 

39.5 
39.3 
39.7 


59.6 
60.0 
59.1 

55. 8 
66.0 
55.7 

80.3 
81.1 
79.3 

55.6 
55.6 
55.6 


6.6 
6.6 
6.7 

5.2 
5.1 
6.3 

14.7 
14.2 
15.3 

4.9 
5.1 
4.7 


34.7 
34.4 
35.1 

40.0 
40.1 
39.9 

8.0 
7.5 
8.6 

42.1 
42.2 
42.0 


58.9 
59.2 
58.5 

54.8 
54.7 
54.9 

79.2 
80.0 
78.3 

53.3 

53.1 
53.5 


6.4 
6.4 
6.4 

5.2 
5.2 
5.2 

12. n 
12. ft 
13.1 

4.6 
4.7 
4.5 


37.2 
37.0 
37.3 

42.6 
42.9 
42.4 

6.5 
6.1 
6.9 

44.2 
44.3 
44.1 


67.0 
57.2 
56.9 

52. ft 
52. 2 
52. 7 

82.7 
83.1 
82.2 

51.2 
51.0 
51.5 


ft, s 




ft, 8 




ft. 8 


Native white: 


4.9 




4.9 




4.9 


Foreign white: 


10. s 




10.8 




10.9 


Colored: 


4.6 




4.7 




4.4 







27 



The age group containing the years 15 to 59, which 
may be called "productive ages,'' contained in 1900 a 
larger proportion than in either 1880 or 1890. Foreverv 
class of the population this group was relatively larger in 
1900 than in 1890, and for the native white and colored 
populations it was relatively larger in 1900 than in 1880. 

The decline in the proportion of the foreign white 
population at productive ages in the decade 1880 to 1891 I 
was undoubtedly clue to the large foreign immigration 
of that decade. The decline of immigration in the 
decade 1890 to 1900 brought with it a slight increase in 
the proportion of foreigners of productive age and a 
marked increase in the same class over 60 years of age. 
For the aggregate population a slightly larger propor- 
tion of men than of women were of productive age at 
each of the three censuses. For the native white and 
colored population, however, the proportion of the. 
female population who were of productive age was 
larger than the corresponding proportions for males in 
1890 and 1880, but the differences between these propor- 
tions are too small to be of sio-nificance. 



The approximate equality between the per cents of 
the native white and the colored population who are of 
productive age is noticeable. It should be remembered, 
however, that the native white include the native chil- 
dren of foreign parents, so that this close approxima- 
tion is more interesting than significant. The very 
marked excess of the percentage in productive ages 
among the foreign born over the corresponding per 
cents for the other classes of the population is self- 
explanatory. 

The general increase in the proportion of the popu- 
lation at productive ages has been accompanied by an 
increase in the proportion 60 years of age and over. 
For the native white and negro populations these facts 
seem to indicate a decreasing birth rate and possibly an 
increase in the average length of life. 

For even- class of the population the proportion 
under 15 was less in 1900 than in either 1890 or 1880. 
Table 23 shows a similar grouping of the population 
by age for the most important European countries. 



Table 2.3.— POPULATION OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IX SPECIFIED AGE OKOUPS AND PER CENT THAT POPU- 
LATION IX EACH GROUP FORMS OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF KNOWN AGES. 1 



Austria . 

Belgium 1890 

Denmark 1890 

England and Wales 1891 

France 



Date of 
census. 



Germany 1890 

Holland. 



1890 
1890 
1891 

ISM I 

1890 
ls'jll 
1891 

Spain 1890 

Sweden 1890 

Switzerland I 1890 



Hungary. 
Ireland . . 
Italy 

Norway . . 
Portugal . 
Scotland . 



Ali known 



23,895,413 
6,069,321 
2,170,752 

29,002,525 

38,112,731 

49,428,470 
4,511,169 

17,339,226 
4, 702, 964 

28,455,948 
1,986,955 
5, 030, 564 
4, 025, 647 

17, 252, 472 
4,784,981 
2,933,334 



Under 16 
years. 



8, 160, 450 

1,989,448 

755, 702 

10,172,235 

10,000,152 

17, 372, 100 

1,647,231 

6,401,888 

1.529,067 

9,158 457 

712,310 

1,669,139 

1,432,225 

5,741,024 

1,593,316 

941,269 



15 to 69 

years. 



13,850,693 

3,491,864 

1,193,288 

16,684,809 

23,343,426 

28,111,728 

2,448 266 

9, 746, 809 

2,681,784 

16,750,238 

1,051.201 

2, S57, 460 

2,276,776 

10,219,423 

2,643,034 

1,716,082 



CO years 
and over. 



1,884,370 

;,SS.(KIS 

221,762 

J. 1 15, 4S1 
1,769, 153 

3,944,642 
415,672 

1 , 190, 529 
492, 113 

2, 547, 253 
223, 444 
503, 965 
316,646 

1,292,025 
r,is.,;:;i 
275,983 



Under 

15 
years. 



34.1 
32.8 
34.8 
35.1 
26.2 
35.1 
36.5 
36.9 
32.5 
32.2 
35.9 
33.2 
35.6 
33.3 
33.3 
32.1 



15 to 59 
years. 



60 years 
and 



58.0 
57.5 
55.0 
-.7. 5 
61.3 
56.9 
:.l . ;; 
56.2 
57.0 
58.9 
62.9 
56.8 
56.5 
59.2 
55.2 
68.5 



7.9 
9.7 

10.2 
7.4 

12.5 
8.0 
9.2 
6.9 

10.5 
8.9 

11.2 

10.0 
7.9 
7.5 

11.5 
9.4 



1 Computed from the tables given by Bertillon, in Statistique Internationale resultant des Recensement< de la population executes dans les divers Pays de 
PEurope pendant le XIX« siecle et les epoques preeedentes. [Paris, 1S99.] 



28 



When these results are compared with those for the 
aggregate population in 1900, it appears that the 
United States has an unusually large proportion of 
its population in the group of productive ages. Only 
France and Spain— countries in which the population 
is more nearly stationary than in any other countries 
of Europe— have a larger per cent of their popula- 
tion in productive ages than has the United States. 
It will he noted that the censuses of the European 
countries included in Table 23, except that of Italy, 
were taken in. or near. 1890. Comparing with these 
results the returns for the United States in L890, it 
appears that not only in France and Spain, but also in 
Switzerland and Italy, the population of productive age 
was a larger proportion of the total population of known 
ages than in the United States. The main cause of the 
relatively high proportion of productive ages in the 
United States is the importance of the foreign born 
element in our population. For most European coun- 
tries emigration exceeds immigration. The native 
white population and the colored population (96 per 
cent of whom are native) of the United States in 1900 
included relatively fewer persons who were of pro- 
ductive age than did any of the countries shown in 
Table 23, except Holland, Denmark, Norway, and Swe- 
den. Making the comparison with the United States 
census of 1890, only Holland and Norway had a smaller 
proportion at productive ages than our native white, 
and only Norway a smaller proportion than our colored 
population. It is significant that all of the European 
countries shown in the table had in 1890 a larger per 
cent of population more than 60 years old than had the 
United States in either 1900 or 1890. 

Table 2-1 shows the population at productive and 
nonproductive ages in cities and rural districts, for 1900. 
The age returns for cities have not been tabulated in 
such a way as to make it possible to use the same upper 
limit for the period of productive ages as in the other 
tables. Accordingly, those over 15 and less than 65 
years of age have been considered as of productive age. 
The table shows that the per cent of the population 
in the productive age group is larger in the cities than in 
the rural districts, this difference being more marked for 



females than for males. It should be noted, however, 
that the proportion who are of productive ages does 
not increase with the size of the city, on the contrary 
the per cent for cities of between 25,000 and 100,000 
population is larger than for cities of over 100,000 
population. Persons over 65 years of age, also, are 
relatively more numerous in the smaller cities. Chil- 
dren under 15, however, are found in relatively greater 
numbers in the large cities than in cities of less than 
100,000 population. The difference between the age 
constitutions of tin 1 urban and rural districts, so far as 
the relative numbers in productive and nonproductive 
ages is concerned, is to be explained largely by the 
migration from the rural districts to the cities, although 
differences in birth and death rates and in the number 
of foreign born residents, also, must be taken into 
account. 

Table -4. — Number <»»</ per cut of tin total population of known 
ages in specified <"j<- groups, classified by sex ami «.-■ living in cities 
having at hast 100,000 inhabitants, in cities having between .'~>,000 
and 100,000 inhabitants, and in smaller cities and rural districts, for 
continental United States: 1900. 



SEX OR AGE GROUP. 


IN CITIES HAV- 
ING AT LEAST 
100,000 INHAB- 
ITANTS. 


IN CITIES HAV- 
ING BETWEEN 
25,000 AND 
100,000 INHAB- 
ITANTS. 


IN SMALLER 
CITIES AND 
RURAL D I S- 
TRICTS. 




Number. 


Per 
cent. 


Number. 


Per 

cent. 


Number. 


Per 
cent. 


Both sexes: 

Total known ages... 


14, 170, 385 


100.0 


5,486,787 


100.0 


56,136,819 


100.0 


Under 16 veins .. 

15 to 61 years 

65 years and over 

Males: 

Total known ages . . . 


1,233, 163 
9,484,824 

452, 598 

7,042,879 


29.8 

67.0 

3.2 

100.0 


1,583,551 

3,706,976 

196, 260 

2,726,413 


28.8 
67.6 
3.6 

100.0 


20,307,971 
33, 397, 208 
2,431,640 

28,919,733 


36.2 

59.5 

4.3 

100.0 


Under 15 years . . 

15 to 64 years 

65 years and over 

Females: 

Total known ages . . 


2,116,837 

4,722,751 

203, 291 

7,127,506 


30.1 
67.0 
2.9 

100.0 


789, 196 

1,848,488 
88,729 

2,760,374 


28.9 

67.8 
3.3 

100 


10,290,016 

17,366,319 

1,263,398 

27,217,086 


35.5 

60.1 

4.4 

100.0 


Under 15 years . . 

15 to 64 years 

65 years and over 


2,116,626 

4,761,673 

219,307 


29.7 
66. s 
3.5 


794, 355 

1,858,488 

107,531 


28.8 
67.3 
3.9 


10,017,955 

16,030,SS9 

1, 168, 242 


36.8 

58.9 

4.3 



Table 25 shows the population in productive and non- 
productive age groups, for states and territories and 
for geographic divisions, at the census of 1900. 



29 

Table 25.— AGGREGATE POPULATION IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS, AND PER CENT THAT POPULATION IN 
SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS FORMS OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF KNOWN AGES: 1900. 





All known 
ages. 


Under 15 

years. 


15 to 59 
years. 


60 years and 
over. 


PER CENT. 


STATE OR TERRITORY. 

• 


Under 15 
years. 


15 to 69 

years. 


60 years 
and over. 




75, 793, 991 


26,124,985 


44,817,325 


4,851,681 


34.5 


59.1 


6. 1 








21, 004, 724 


6,262,717 


13, 147, 796 


1,594,211 


29.8 


62.6 


7.6 








5, 676, 777 


1,533,222 


3,540,609 


502, 946 


27.5 


63.5 


9.0 








692, 824 
410,460 
342, 778 
2,795,818 
427, 642 
907,255 

15,427,947 


189, 333 
106, 592 
94,877 
767, 628 
120,471 
254, 321 

4,729,495 


421,630 
256, 600 
207, 303 
1,804,845 
275, 401 
574, 930 

9, 607, 187 


81,861 
47, 368 
40,698 
223,345 
31,770 
78,004 

1,091,265 


27.3 
26.0 
27.7 
27.5 
28.2 
28.0 

30.6 


60.9 
62.5 
60.5 
64.5 
64.4 
63.4 

62.3 


11.8 




11.6 




11.8 




8.0 




7.4 




8.6 




7.1 








7,257,889 
1.879,890 
6,290,168 

10,415,167 


2,111,000 

577,518 

2,040,977 

4,076,112 


4,600,426 

1,173,529 
3,833,233 

6, 768, 419 


546,464 
128,843 
415, 958 

581, 636 


29.1 
30.7 
32.6 

39.1 


63.4 
62.4 
60.9 

55. 3 


7.5 




6.9 




6.6 




5.6 








4,451,908 


1,599,545 


2, 572, 406 


279, 957 


35.9 


57.8 


6.3 








184, 226 
1,183,950 

278,423 
1,850,296 

955,013 

6, 963, 259 


57, 981 
393, 546 

69, 616 
710,620 

in;:, ssii 

2,475,567 


112,720 
709, 921 
Iss.sti; 
1,024,334 
536,558 

11,186,013 


13,525 
mi. is:: 
19, 935 
115, 442 
50, 672 

301,679 


31.5 
33.2 
25.0 
38.4 
38.5 

41.5 


61.2 
60.0 
67. 8 
56. 4 

56. 2 

53. 4 


7.3 




6.8 




7.2 




6.2 




5.3 




5.1 








1,888,944 

1,338,512 

2, 209. 974 

525, 829 

26,279,235 


ts'j mi 

572, 277 

'.HH.SIIL' 
204, 027 

8,857,120 


1,003,337 

Tim, n- 7 

1,183,873 

298,716 

15, 640, 593 


103, 206 
66, 148 

109, 239 
23,086 

1,781,522 


41.4 

42.8 
41.5 
38.8 

33.7 


53.1 
52. 3 

, r iH. 6 
56.8 

59.5 


5.5 




4.9 




4.9 




4.4 




6.8 








15, 955, 736 


5,196.557 


9,611,150 


1, 148, 029 


32.6 


60.2 


7.2 








4,160,574 
2,511,164 
4,810 ! • 

2.417, 166 

2, i.'.N. 

10,323, 199 


1,282,471 

813,069 

1.588,685 

772,834 

739, 998 

3,660,563 


2,543.854 
1,614,282 

2,921,410 
1,457,077 
1.174,527 

■ 6, 029, 443 


324, 249 
183,813 
300, 161 
188, 045 
151,761 

633, 493 


30.9 
32.4 
33.0 
31.9 
35.8 

35.5 


61.3 
60.3 
60.7 
60.3 
56.8 

58.4 


7.8 




7.3 




6.3 




7.8 




7.4 




6.1 








1.747,292 
2. 226, 632 
3,098,259 

Ills, in:, 

11*1. Mi;'. 

1,064,638 

1,467,440 

14,030,794 


637,801 

1,082,065 
126,492 
164,566 

388,288 
612, 7811 

5.1194,219 


1,007 583 

1,306,949 
1,832.974 
181,137 
226, 509 
619,468 
856,823 

7, 699, 370 


101,908 
161,070 

183,220 
11.776 
20, 759 
56,882 

97,878 

637,205 


36.5 
34.1 
31.9 
39.4 
38.6 
36.5 
34.9 

40.6 


67.7 
58.7 
69.2 
56.9 
56.2 
58. 2 
58. t 

64.7 


5.8 




7.2 




6.9 




3.7 


South Dakota 


5.2 




5.3 




6.7 




4.7 








7,523,255 


2, 995, 706 


4,134,316 


393,233 


H',1.8 


55.0 


5.2 








2, 140, 400 
2, 012, 844 
1,821,980 
1,648,031 

6,507,539 


809,142 
783, III 
752, 679 
650,444 

2,698,513 


1,204,630 

1,123,947 

982,363 

823,376 

3,565,054 


126, 628 
105, 456 
86,938 
74,211 

243,972 


37.8 
38.9 
41.3 
42.0 

41.5 


56 5 
55.8 
53.9 
53.2 

54.4 


5.7 




5.3 




4.8 




4.8 




4.1 








1,378,419 

1,306,390 

389,352 

396, 794 

3,036,684 

4.064.071 


660,646 
543,713 

167,642 

168,538 

1,267,974 

1,235,817 


752,496 
735,887 
210,582 
221,774 
1,644,315 

2,571,147 


65, 277 
26. 790 
11.128 
16, 182 
124, 295 

257, loT 


40.7 
41.6 
43.0 
40.0 

41.8 

30.4 


64.6 
64.3 
54.1 
55. '.I 
54.1 

63.3 


4.7 




4.1 




2.9 




4.1 




4.1 




6.3 








1,225,300 


397,383 


773.405 


54, 512 


32.4 


63.2 


4.4 








242,084 

161,182 

92.304 

535, 150 

194,580 

439,444 


71.130 
58,917 
28, 312 
163, 147 
75, 877 

164,669 


162, 019 

94,639 

61,320 

346, 786 

108,641 

249, 756 


8,935 

7, 626 

2,672 

25,217 

10, 062 

25,119 


29. 4 

36.6 
30.7 
30.5 
39.0 

:'.:. 5 


66.9 
58.7 
66.4 
66.0 
55.8 

66.8 


3.7 




4.7 




2.9 




4.5 




5.2 




6.7 








121,642 
275,917 
41,885 

2, 399, 327 

511,844 

412,604 

1,474,879 


40, 455 
113,350 
10,764 

673, 865 


75, 279 
147,219 
27, 258 

1,547,986 


5,908 
15,348 
3,863 

117,476 


33.3 

■11.1 
25.7 

28.1 


61.9 
53. 3 
65.1 

64.5 


4.8 


Utah 


5.6 




9 'J 




7, 1 








157.899 
126, 136 
389, 831 


328,857 
259,815 
969, 314 


25,088 
26, 654 
125,734 


30.8 

:n 6 
26.4 


64.3 
63.0 
65.1 


1 9 




6. 1 
8.6 







30 



Considering first the results for the main geographic 
divisions, it appears that the maximum per cent of 
productive ages is found in the Western division, with 
the North Atlantic. North Central, South Atlantic, and 
South Central divisions following, in the order named. 
The per cents for the minor geographic divisions do not 
show any marked deviation from this general order. 



The maximum per cent of 64.5 is found in the Pacific 
division and the minimum of 53. -i in the Southern 
South Atlantic division. 

The study of the results for single states will be 
facilitated by Table 26, which shows the states in order 
of the proportion of their population who are of pro- 
ductive age. 



Table -'<;. STATES AND TERRITORIES IX ORDER OF THE PER CENT OF THEIR TOTAL POPULATION OF KNOWN 

AGES WHO ARE FROM 15 TO 59 YEARS OF AGE: 1900. 



RANK. 


State or territory. 


Per .■.■lit. 


RANK. 


State or territory. 


Per ''''"I 






67.84 
(16.93 
66.43 
65. 08 
65.04 
64.99 
64.55 
64.40 
64.25 
13. 38 
63. 37 
62. '.17 
62. 49 
6'2. 43 
61.88 
61.31 
61.19 
60.94 
60.86 
60.73 
60.48 
60.30 
60.27 
59.90 
59. 16 


'20 




58.72 


■' 




27 




58. 65 






28 




58. 39 






•29 




58.19 






30 




57. 07 






31 




56. 89 






32 




56.84 






33 




56.81 






34 




56. 52 


III 








56. 26 






36 




56.18 






37 




55. 89 






38 




55.83 






39 




55.79 






40 




55.30 




i ihio 


41 




54.59 






4-2 




54.33 






43..., 




54. l.i 






44 




54.08 










53. 92 






46 




53.57 






47... 


Utah 


53.36 






48 




53. 19 


•21 




49 




53.12 


25 




50 




52.30 













i The states in which the proportion of the population 
of productive ages is greater than that for continental 
United States as a whole (59.10) include all of the states 
in the North Atlantic division, together with Delaware, 
Maryland, and the District of Columbia in the South 
Atlantic division: Ohio. Michigan. Indiana, Illinois, 
and Missouri in the North Central division: and all of 
the Western division except Idaho. Utah, and New Mex- 
ico. There is a very close agreement between this 
area and the area in which the median age is higher 
than it is for continental United States as a whole. 

The distribution of tlie population in 10-year age 
groups. — For most purposes served by the study of the 



age constitution of the population a classification in 
10-year periods is sufficiently detailed. Tables 27 to 32 
show such a grouping of the population, classified by 
sex, race, and nativity, for the censuses of 1900, 1890, 
and 1880. The number at advanced ages is so small 
that all those over 80 years of age have been included 
in one group. 1 

J It will be noted that each of these groups begins with a year 
which is a multiple of 10. For some purposes it will be found con- 
venient to use a system of grouping in which the lowest age in each 
group is an odd multiple of 5. Such a distribution of the popula- 
tion for 1900 can be found in the Abstract of the Twelfth Census, 
pages 11 to 18. 



31 



Table 27.— POPULATION IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS, CLASSIFIED BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR 

CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. 



8EX, RACE, NATIVITY, OR NATIVITY OF PARENTS. 


Under 10 
years. 


10 to 19 
years. 


20 to 29 
years. 


30 to 39 
years. 


40 to 49 
years. 


50 to 59 

years. 


60 to 69 
years. 


70 to 79 
years. 


80 years 
and over. 


Aggregate: 


18,041,751 
9, 113, 008 

8,931,7-13 


15,636,323 
7,833,492 
7,802,831 


13,864, 157 
6,948, 123 
6,916,334 


10, 520. 820 
5, 518, ISC, 
5, 002, 634 


7,701,778 

4,093,752 
3,608,026 


5,154,001 
2, 709, 879 
2,444.122 


3, 094, 289 
1,584,836 

1,509,453 


1,403,698 
711,188 
692,510 


373, 874 




176, 561 




197, 313 






Total white: 


I i,558,278 
7, 373,804 
7,684, 174 

15,358,717 
10, 639, 101 


L3.502, 1-7 
6,777,393' 
6 725,034 

12,629,110 

6,280 T, 6 

8,895,343 
4,487,432 

4, 407, 'Jl ; 

3. 733, 773 
1,860,948 

B73, ;i! 
429, 013 
144,298 

1, ' 

] I ITT, 7 .>7 

2,074,012 
1,022,392 
1,051,620 


12,098,024 
6,088,363 
6,009,661 

10,081,813 
5,042,656 
5,038,6 >7 

7.IH 1,251 
3,538,73] 

3, 17., ...'ii 

3, 067, 062 
1 503, 925 
1,563, 137 

2,016,711 
1,045,707 

971,004 

1,766.433 

8 i9,7l 
906, 673 

1,706.651 
819,518 
887, 133 


9, 465, 019 
1,979,794 
1. 185,225 

7, 113,770 

3,646,28s 
3, 467, 482 

4,958,931 
2,664,600 

2,394,331 

2,154,839 
1,081,688 

1,073,151 

2,351,249 

1,017,743 

1,055,801 

• 517,409 

999, 294 
495, 501 
503, 793 


6, 957, 821 
3,707,148 

5,151,489 
2,681,382 

2.47(1.107 

3,892, 158 
2,034,079 
1,858,079 

1,259,331 
647,303 

612,028 

1,025,766 

7 13, 957 

:-;m;.uii 

347,585 
346,015 


1,655,198 

2, 436, 270 
2,218,928 

1,557,853 

2,756,421 

1,417,349 
1.339,072 

452, 382 
233, 601 
218,783 

1,446,395 
785,320 
661,075 

498,803 
273, 609 
225, 194 

470, 163 
252,611 
217, 652 


2, 815, 953 

1,382,025 

1.860,182 
934,704 

925, 47S 

1 686,010 
845,434 

840, 576 

174, 172 
B9.270 

955, 771 
199,224 
156,547 

278,336 
150,908 
127,428 

■,.i 

141,979 
122,379 


633,875 

844,576 
120,941 
128,635 

784,850 
390,682 
394, 168 

59,726 
30,259 
29, 167 

441,241 
231,01)1 
210,240 

117, ssl 
,9,246 
, ,635 

112,802 
16,710 


325, 607 


Males 


155. 267 
170,340 


Native white: 






105,949 




121.292 


Native white — native parens 


210. 266 




97, 718 




5, 242, 109 

4, 71H.616 

.. IS 

2,343.098 

199,561 
100,294 

99,267 

2,486,473 
1,239,204 
1,247,269 

2,418, 11:1 
1,204,897 
1,213,516 


112,548 


Native white — foreign parents: 


16, 975 




8,231 




8,744 


Foreign white: 


.- .... 




49,318 




49,048 


Colored: 


18,267 




21,294 




26, 973 


Negro: 


15,890 




20,297 




25,693 



Table 28.— PER CENT THAT POPULATION IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS FORMS OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF 
KNOWN AGES, CLASSIFIED BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. 



SEX, RACE, NATIVITY, OR NATIVITY OF PAR] 


Under 10 


10 to 19 
years. 


20 to 29 
years. 


30 to 39 

years. 


40 to 49 


50 to 59 

years. 


on to 69 

years. 


70 to 79 

years. 


SO years 
and over. 


Aggregate: 


23. 8 
2S.5 

21.1 


20. 6 

20. 2 
21.0 


is.:; 
18.0 
18.6 


13.9 
14.3 
13.5 


10.2 
10.6 
9.7 


6.8 
7.0 
6.6 


4.1 
4.1 
4.1 


1.8 
1.8 
1.9 


0.5 




0.5 




0.5 






Total white: 


23.3 

23. 1 

27. 2 
27.2 

26. 1 

26. o 
6 

30.3 
30.0 

1.9 
1.8 

2.1 

27. 2 
27. 
27.4 

27.5 
27.6 
27 1 


20.3 

20. 7 

22. 4 
22. 2 

22. 5 

21.8 
21.6 

23.9 
24.0 

8.6 

7 - 

9 

23.4 

23. 
23.7 

2::. 6 

23. 4 

23 - 


18.2 

17. s 

17.8 
17.(1 
IS. 1 

17.2 
17.0 
17,:: 

19.6 
19.2 
20.0 

19.8 
19.0 

20.7 

is 8 
19.9 

19.4 
18.8 
20.0 


14.2 

14. i; 

1.: • 

12.6 
12.7 
12. ■"> 

12. 1 
12.3 

11.9 

1.; - 

23. 1 
24.2 

21.7 

11.0 
11.7 
11.4 

11.4 
11. 1 
11.4 


10.4 
10.9 
10.0 

9.1 
9.4 

S.9 

9.5 
9.8 

9. 2 

8.0 
s.3 
7.8 

17.7 
18.7 
16.6 

8.1 
8.4 

7.9 

7.9 
8.0 

7. s 


7.0 

7.1 

5.7 
5.8 
5.6 

6.8 
i'.. 8 
6.7 

2.9 

3.0 

2.8 

14.2 
14.3 
14.1 

5.5 
6.0 

:.. 

5. 1 
5.8 
4.9 


4.2 
4.2 
4.2 

3.3 

3.2 
3.3 

4.1 
4.1 
4.2 

1.1 

1.1 
1.1 

9.4 
9.1 
9.7 

3.1 
3.3 
2. s 

3.0 
3.2 
2.8 


1.9 
1.9 
1.9 

1.5 

1.5 
1.5 

1.9 
1.9 
2.0 

0.4 
0.4 
0.4 

4.3 
4.2 
4.5 

1.3 

1.3 
1.3 

1.3 
1.3 
1.3 


0.5 




0.5 




0.5 


Native white: 


0.4 




0.4 




0.4 


Native white— native parents: 


0.5 




0.6 




0.6 


Native white— foreign parents: 


0.1 




0.1 




0.1 


Foreign white: 


1.0 




0.9 




1.1 


Colored: 


0.5 




:. 




Ii 1 


Negro: 


11.7. 




0. 7. 




0.6 







32 



Table 29.— POPULATION IX SPECIFIED AGE CROUPS, CLASSIFIED BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR 

( '( iXTIXENTAL UNITED STATES: 1890. 



SEX, RACE, OR NATIVITY. 


Under ID 
years. 


10 to 19 
years. 


20 to 29 
years. 


30 to 39 
years. 


40 to 49 
years. 


60 to 69 
years. 


60 to 69 

years. 


70 to 79 
years. 


80 years 
and over. 


Aggregate: 


1 1,208,693 

7,715,221 
7,493,470 


13,591,072 
6,823, 198 

6, 707. 57 1 


11,424,453 
5,803,204 
5,621,249 


8,444,791 
4,476,708 
3, 968, 083 


5,917,158 
3, 072, 706 
2,844,452 


5,995,595 
2,080,585 
1,918,013 


2,468,144 
1,284,337 
1,183,807 


1.(191, S13 
562,735 
632, 078 


312,365 
145, 357 




167, 008 






Native white: 


12, 717, 836 
6,457,977 
6,259,859 

334, 980 
170,110 
164,870 

2, 155, S7."> 
1,087,134 
1,068,741 


10, 749, 645 
5,404,155 
5,345, 190 

917,674 
458,817 
158,857 

1,923,753 
960,526 

963, 227 


8, 105, 541 
4,069,248 
4, 036, 293 

1,989,613 

1,078,769 

910, 844 

1,329,299 
655, 187 

671.112 


5,771,850 

2,989,846 
2,782,004 

1,812,912 
1,042,570 

770, 342 

860, 029 
444, 292 
415, 737 


8.667.(199 
1.8.58, 404 
1. si 15.055 

1,647,769 

911.8,572 
739, 197 

602,290 
305, 670 
296, 620 


2, 388, 257 
1,214,920 

1,173,337 

1,234,351 
661,472 
572, 879 

375, 990 
204, 193 
171,797 


1,459,413 
745, 095 
714,318 

789, 221 
420,846 
368,375 

219,510 
118,396 
101, 114 


702,555 
356,662 
345, 993 

300,221 

169, 531 
140, 690 

92,037 
46,642 
45, 395 


203,303 




94, 191 




109,112 


Foreign white: 


70,509 




34,541 




35, 968 


Colored: 


38,563 




16,625 




21,928 







Table 30.— PER CENT THAT POPULATION IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS FORMS OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF 
KNOWN AGES, CLASSIFIED BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1890. 



SEX, RACE, OR NATIVITY. 


Under 10 
years. 


10 to 19 
years. 


20 to 29 
years. 


30 to 39 

years. 


40 to 49 
years. 


50 to 59 
years. 


60 to 69 
years. 


70 to 79 
years. 


80 years 
and over. 


Aggregate: 


24.3 
24. 1 
24. 6 


21.8 
21.3 
22.2 


18.3 
18.2 
18.4 


13.5 
14.0 
13.0 


9.5 
9.6 
9.3 


6.4 
6.5 
6.3 


3.9 
4.0 
3.9 


1.8 
1.8 

1.7 


0.5 




0.6 




0.6 






Native white: 


27.8 
27.9 
27.7 

3.7 
3.5 

4.0 

28. 4 

28.3 
28.4 


23.5 
23.3 
23.7 

10.1 
9.3 
11.0 

25.3 
25.0 
26.6 


17.7 
17.6 
17.9 

21.9 
21.9 
21.9 

17.5 
17.1 
17.9 


12. 6 
12. 9 
12.3 

19.9 
21.1 
18.5 

11.3 

11.6 
11.1 


vii 
8.0 
8.0 

18.1 

18.4 
17.7 

7.9 
8.0 
7.9 


5.2 
5.2 
6.2 

13.5 
13.4 
13.8 

5.0 
5.3 
4.6 


3.2 
3.2 

3.2 

8.7 
8.5 
8.8 

2.9 
3.1 

2.7 


1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

3.3 

3.2 
3.4 

1.2 
1.2 
1.2 


0.5 




0.4 




0.5 


Foreign white: 


0.8 




0.7 




0.9 


Colored : 


0.5 




0.4 




0.6 







Table 31.— POPULATION IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS, CLASSIFIED BY SEX. 

CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1880. 



RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR 



SEX, RACE, OR NATIVITY. 


Under 10 
years. 


10 to 19 
years. 


20 to 29 
years. 


30 to 39 
years. 


40 to 49 
years. 


60 to 59 
years. 


60 to 69 
years. 


70 to 79 
years. 


SO years 
and over. 


Aggregate: 


13,394,176 
6,782,840 
6,611,336 


10,726,601 

.. ;:s:;.,-,('.9 
5, 343, 032 


9, 168, 393 
4, 664, 425 
4,503,968 


6, 369, 362 
3,271,467 
3,097,895 


4, 568, 256 
2, 322, 468 
2, 236, 788 


3,111,317 
1,641,629 

!, 109,688 


1,830,095 
964, 356 

SO,, 75.9 


776, 507 
388,602 
387, 905 


221,076 




99,464 




121,612 






Native white: 


11, 057, 502 
5, 612, 691 
5, 444, 911 

185,068 
93, 059 
92,009 

2,151.606 
1,077,190 
1,074,416 


s, 614, 930 
4, 327, 580 
4,287,350 

617,2.51 
305. 060 
312,191 

1,494,420 
750, 929 
743, 491 


6,744,802 
3, 418, 239 
3, 326. 563 

1,199,371 
639, 132 

56(1, 2X9 

1,224,220 
607,054 
617, 166 


4,075,850 
2,048,672 
2,027,278 

1,551,896 
852, 726 
699, 170 

741,616 

5711,169 
371,447 


2,708,796 
1,347,996 
1,360,800 

1,343,831 
725,794 
618, 037 

505, 629 
248,678 
256, 951 


1, 832, 606 
941,393 
891,213 

950, 201 
524,865 

425, 336 

328, 510 
175, 371 
153.139 


1,112,895 

589, 378 
553, 615 

491,824 
268, 869 
222, 955 

195, 378 
106,109 
89, 269 


523, 710 
259, 660 
264, 050 

176, 305 
90, 696 
84, 609 

77, 492 
38, 246 
39, 246 


142, 202 




63.S56 




78, 346 


Foreign white: 


44, 932 




21,434 




23,498 


Colored: 


33,942 




14,174 




19,768 







Table 32.— PER CENT THAT POPULATION IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS FORMS OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF 
KNOWN AGES, CLASSIFIED BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1880. 



SEX, RACE, OR NATIVITY'. 


Under 10 
years. 


10 to 19 

years. 


20 to 29 
years. 


30 to 39 
years. 


40 to 49 
years. 


50 to 59 
years. 


60 to 69 
years. 


70 to 79 
years. 


80 years 
and over. 


Aggregate: 


26.7 
26.6 
26.8 


21.4 
21.1 
21.7 


18.3 
18.3 
18.3 


12.7 
12.8 
12.6 


9.1 
9.1 
9.1 


6.2 
6.4 
6.9 


3.7 
3.8 
3.5 


1.6 
1.5 
1.6 


0.4 




0.4 




0.5 






Native white: 


30.0 
30.2 
29.9 

2.8 
2.6 
3.0 

31.9 
31.8 
31.9 


23.4 
23.2 
23.5 

9.4 
8.7 
10.3 

•22.1 
22.2 
22. 1 


18.3 
18.4 
18.2 

18.3 
18.2 
18.4 

18.1 
17.9 
18.3 


11.1 
11.0 
11.1 

23.6 
24. 2 
23.0 

11.0 
10.9 
11.0 


7.3 
7.2 
7.5 

20.5 
20.6 
20.4 

7.5 
7.4 
7.6 


5.0 
5.1 

4.9 

14.5 
14.9 
14.0 

4.9 
5.2 
4.6 


3.1 
3.2 
3.0 

7.5 
7.6 
7.3 

2.9 
3.1 

2.7 


1.4 
1.4 
1.5 

2.7 
2.6 

2.8 

1.1 
1.1 
1.2 


0.4 




0.3 




0.4 


Foreign white: 


0.7 




0.6 




0.8 


Colored: 


0.5 




0.4 




0.6 







33 



Considering first the results for 1900, it will be seen 
that for each class of the population, except the foreign 
white, the number of persons less than 10 years old 
is greater than in any other decennial period. For the 
foreign white population the maximum number is in the 
group 30 to 39 years. The diminution in the numbers 
of the aggregate population in successive age groups 
has a certain regularity, as is shown in Table 33. 

Table 33. — Excess of population in each specified age group over pop- 
ulation in next higher group, for continental United States: 1900. 



AGEGRfiVl'. 



to 9 years... 

1 ii i o 19 years. . 
20 to 29 years. 
30 to 39 years. 
40 to 49 years. . 
60 to 59 years. 
00 to 69 years. 
70 to 79 years. 





Excess over 




Number in 
group. 


number in 
next high- 
er group. 


Per cent. 


13,044,751 


2,408,428 


13.4 


15,636,323 


1,771,866 


11.:; 




3,343,637 


24. 2 




2,819,042 


26.8 


7,701,778 


2,547,777 


33.1 


5,154,001 


2,059,712 


39.8 


3,094,289 


1,690,591 


54.8 


1,403,698 











The per cent which the difference between the 
numbers in the first and second groups form of the 
number in the first group is somewhat larger than 
the corresponding per cent for the second group, but 
for all the other groups the rate of diminution increases 
as the age increases. 

Some interesting results are yielded by a comparison 
of the distributions of the total population of various 
classes to the several age groups. The figures will 
be found in Table 28. A larger per cent of the total 
native white population of foreign parents than of any 
other class of the population is in the groups to 9 
years and 10 to 19 years. This is explained, of course, 
by the fact that the adult foreign white population has 
been increasing faster than the adult native population. 
A larger per cent of the foreign white population 
than of any other class is found in each of the groups 
above 19 years. Larger proportions of the negro 
population than of the native white population of na- 
tive parents are less than 10 years old and between 
10 and 20 years old. In the groups composed of the 
years of age from 20 to 79 there are relatively more 
native whites of native parents than negroes. The 
same proportion of each of these two classes of the 
population claims to have reached fourscore. 

Nearly one-fourth of the aggregate population are 
less than 10 years old and over three-sevenths are less 
than 20. Less than one-seventh have accomplished half 
the possible hundred years of human life, and only 23 
out of every 1,000 have passed the allotted "three- 
score years and ten." It is scarcely necessary to point 
out that these results have no bearing on the question 
of the average length of human life. In an increasing 
population, like that of the United States, the lower 
age groups are normally better filled than in a station- 
ary or decreasing population. 

Over one-fourth of the negro population, as well as 
of the native white population of native parents, are 



less than 10 years old. Nearly one-half of the latter 
and more than one-half of the former are less than 20 
years old. Among the native white population of 
native parents 133 in 1,000 have passed their fiftieth 
year, and 24 in 1,000 have passed their seventieth year. 
About one-tenth of the negro population are more 
than 50 years old, and only 18 in 1,000 are more 
than 70 years old. Three-tenths of the native white 
population of foreign parents are less than 10 years 
old, but only 1 in 53 of the foreign white population 
is in the same age period. Considerably over one-half 
of the native white population of foreign parents and 
one-tenth of the foreign white population are less than 
20 years old. Among the native white population of 
foreign parents only 1 in 22 has passed the fiftieth 
year, and only 5 in 1,000 have passed the seventieth 
year. About three-tenths of the foreign white popu- 
lation are at least 50 years old, and 53 in 1,000 are at 
leasi 70 years old. 

For the aggregate population there are relatively 
more females than males in each of the groups below 
30 years, and in the group 70 to 79 years. Males are 
relatively more numerous in the three groups compris- 
ing the years of life from 30 to 59. In the groups 
60 l" 69 years and 80 years and over, the relative num- 
bers of the two sexes are approximately equal. In the 
native white population of native parents, as well as 
in the foreign white population, females are relatively 
more numerous in each of the groups below 30 and 
above 59 years. In the period of middle life there are 
for each of these two classes relatively more males than 
females. In the native white population of foreign 
parents the proportions of males less than 10 years old 
and between !•» and 60 years old are larger than the 
proportions of females. There are relatively more 
females than males in the groups of 10 to 19 and 20 to 
29 years, while the proportions of the two sexes in the 
groups 30 to 39, 60 to 69, 70 to 79 years, and 80 years 
and over are approximately equal. The excess of the 
relative numbers of one sex or the other is distributed 
for the negro population in the same way as for the 
native white population of foreign parents, except that 
among the negro population there is a larger per cent 
of males than of females in the group 60 to 69 years, 
and a larger per cent of females than of males in the 
group 80 years and over. 

A comparison of the returns for 1900 with those for 
1880 shows that for the aggregate population of both 
sexes there has been an increase in the proportion in 
each age group above 29 years, and a decrease in the 
proportion in each of the two groups below 20 years, 
while the proportion in the group 20 to 29 years has 
remained about constant. The same results appear when 
the per cents for the two sexes are considered separately, 
except that for males there has been a decrease in 
the proportion in the group 20 to 29 years, which is 
exactly balanced by a corresponding gain for females. 
This gain in the proportion of the population who are in 



34 



die more advanced age groups lias been fairly constant 
during the two decades, for the same general results 
arc gleaned from a comparison of the per cents for 
L890 and L900, although, of course, the differences are 
not so marked. It is to be noted that while those 
tabulated as •"under 10" in 1890 included only those 
who reported their ages as being less than 9.1 years, this 
group contained a proportion of the population larger 
than the proportion of those who reported themselves 
as less than 10 in 1000. 

Comparison of tin 1 returns of the foreign white pop- 
ulation in 1900, 1890, and 1880 shows that throughout 
the two decades there has been an increase in the per 
cent of that class of the population who are in the 
groups above 49 years. In the other age groups there 
has been a relative decrease during the two decades. 
except that the proportion of the population between 20 



and 29 years of age was greater in 1900 than in 1880. and 
the proportion between 30 and 39 years of age was 
markedly greater in L 900 than in 1890. Between 1880 
and 1900 the age constitution of the native white popu- 
lation so changed as to leave a larger or equal propor- 
tion in each of the groups above 29 years and a smaller 
proportion in the other groups, this decrease being 
most marked for children under 10 } T ears of age. The 
per cents for the colored population show a marked 
decrease between L880 and 1900 in the proportion in 
the first ten years of life, which is balanced by a slight 
increase for each of the other groups. 

Tables 34 and 35 show the population of cities and of 
the rest of the country, classified by 10-year age periods. 
The age returns of cities were not tabulated in such a 
way as to make it possible to use the form of grouping 
that has been used in the preceding tables. 



Table 34.— POPULATION IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS, CLASSIFIED BY SEX AND AS LIVING IN CITIES HAVING 
AT LEAST 100,000 INHABITANTS, IN CITIES HAVING BETWEEN 25,000 AND 100,000 INHABITANTS, AND IN SMALLER 
CITIES AND RURAL DISTRICTS, F( U; CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. 





Under 5 
years. 


5 to 14 
years. 


15 to 24 

years. 


25 to 34 
years. 


35 to 44 

years. 


[5 to ' 
years. 


55 to 64 
years. 


65 years and 
over. 


In cities having at least 100,000 inhabitants: 


1,505, 171 
757, 108 
748,063 

549,319 
276, 428 
272,891 

7,115,838 
3,599,776 
3, ,16,062 


2. 7117, 992 
1,359,429 
1 , 368, 563 

1,034,232 
512,768 
521, I'll 

13,192,133 
6,690,240 

6, 501, 893 


2,730,811 
1.279,389 
1,451.422 

1,095,020 
515, K% 
579, 124 

n 065,274 
6, 679, 746 
5,485,528 


2, 766, 216 
1, 390, 240 
1,375,970 

1, 050, 331 
580,862 
619, 169 

8, 268, 933 
4,803,756 
3,965, 177 


2, 058, 737 

1,082,452 

976, 285 

781,601 
108,881 
372,720 

6,371,609 
3,381,448 

2. KID. 161 


1,230,610 
629, 101 
601,515 

493,677 
263. 349 
240. 228 

4,673,248 
2,520,008 
2,153,240 


697, 944 
341, 563 

:;;,o,:;M 

286, 447 
139,500 
146, 947 

3,018,144 
1,581,361 

1.436,783 


1 >2,698 




203, 291 
249, 307 

190,200 
88, 729 
107. 531 




In cities having between 25,000 and 100,000 inhabitants: 




In smaller cities and rural districts: 


" 131 040 




1,263,398 
1,168 242 









Table 35. — Percent that population in s/» ci/inl age i/rou/ix forms 
of the total population of known ages, classified bg sex ami as tiring 
in cities having at least 100,000 inhabitants, in cities having between 
25,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, and in smaller cities and rural 
districts, for continental United States: 1900. 





Under 

5 
years. 


5 to 14 
years. 


15 to24 
years. 


25 to 34 
years. 


35 to 44 
years. 


45 to 54 
years. 


55 to 64 
years. 


or, 
years 
and 
over. 


In cities having at 
least 100,000 inhabit- 
ants: 
Both sexes 


10.6 
10.8 
10.5 

10.0 
10.1 
9.9 

12.7 
12.4 
12.9 


19.2 
19.3 
19.2 

18.8 
18.8 
18.9 

23. 5 
23.1 
23.9 


19.3 
18.1 
20.4 

20.0 
18.9 
21.0 

19.7 
19.3 

20.1 


19.6 
19.7 
19.3 

19.1 
19.5 
18.8 

14.7 
14.9 
14.6 


14.6 
15.4 
13.7 

14.3 
15.0 
13.5 

11.4 
11.7 
11.0 


8.7 
8.9 
8.4 

9.0 
9.3 

s.7 

8.3 
8.7 
7.9 


4.9 
4.9 
5.0 

5, 2 
5.1 
5.3 

5.4 
5.5 
5.3 


3.2 

2 9 


Females 

In cities having be- 
tween 25,000 and 
100.000 inhabitants: 
Both sexes 


3.5 

3.6 
3.3 


Females 

In smaller cities and 
rural districts: 


3.9 

4.3 
4.4 


Females 


4.3 



The groups under 15 years, and each of the two groups 
in which persons more than 55 years old are distrib- 
uted, contain a smaller proportion of the urban popu- 
lation than of the population living in " smaller cities 
and rural districts." Moreover, the group 15 to 24 
years contains a larger proportion of the latter class 



than it does of the population living in cities having at 
least 100,000 inhabitants. All of the other groups are 
relatively larger in the cities of over 25,000 inhabitants 
than in the rest of the country, this excess being most 
marked for the group 25 to 34 years. It appears that 
the greater average maturity of the urban population, 
shown by its higher median age, is due to the relative 
deficiency of children and the relatively larger popula- 
tion in the period of early middle life. 

A slightly larger proportion of the population is in 
the groups 15 to 24, 45 to 54, 55 to 64, and 65 years and 
over in cities of 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants than in 
larger cities. 

The difference between the per cents of the popula- 
tion in the group 5 to 14 years in the cities and in the 
rural districts is somewhat more marked for females 
than for males, but in the group 15 to 24 years the pro- 
portion of the male population is smaller and of the 
female population larger in cities than in rural dis- 
tricts. This may indicate that the migration of females 
from the country to the city takes place, on the aver 
age, at an earlier age than that of males. 

Tables 36 and 37 show the distribution of the popu- 
lation of the states and territories and the geographic 
divisions in 10-year age periods. 



35 



Table 36.— TOTAL POPULATION IN 10-YEAR AGE PERIODS: 1900. 



STATE OR TERRITORY. 



Continental United States. 

North Atlantic division . 

New England 



Maine 

New Hampshire. 

Vermont 

Massachusetts . . - 
Rhode Island. - - . 
Connecticut 



Southern North Atlantic 



New York .... 
New Jersey... 
Pennsylvania 



South Atlantic divi^ien 



Northern South Atlantic 



Delaware 

Maryland 

DiBtrict of Columbia . 
Virginia 

West Virginia 



Southern South Atlantic 



North Carolina . 
South Caroline . 

Georgia 

Florida 



North Central division . 



Eastern North < lentral 



Ohio 

Indiana ... 
] Llinois 
Michigan 
Wisconsin . 



Western North Cei 



Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North Dakota . 
South Dakota . 

Nebraska 

Kansas 



South Central division . 



Eastern South Central 



Kentucky . 
Tennessee 

Alabama .. 

Mississippi. 



Westein South Central. 



Louisiana 

Arkansas 

Indian Territory . 
< iklahurna. 



All known 
ages. 



75,793.991 18,014,751 



Under 10 

years. 



21.004.721 ! 






692, 824 
110, 400 
313.778 
3. 795. sis 
127,642 
907,265 

I. - ., 1J7. 'J 47 



7,257,889 
1,879,890 
6,290,168 



1. 151,908 



L84, 226 

1,183,950 

278.42: 

1,850,296 

5,963,259 



1,888,944 

l 338 il2 

2,209,974 

525, B29 



15.955.730 



4. ISO. 574 
2.511,104 
I. 310,256 
2,417, 156 

,i. ■ . 

10,323,499 



1,747,292 

3,098,259 
318, 105 
400, 833 

1 1,030,794 



7,. 'V23, 25.') 



2, 1 10, 400 
2,012,844 
1,821,980 
1,548,031 

6,507,539 



1,7.7s. II!' 

1,306,390 

389,352 

396, 794 

Texas 3,036 584 

Western division 4,064,071 



129.026 
73, 095 
64, 698 

538,298 

177,966 
3 287, 119 



Rocky Mountain 1,225,300 



Montana 

Idaho 

Wyoming . . . 
Colorado ... 
New Mexico. 



Basin and Plateau 



Arizona . 
Utah ... 
Nevada.. 



Pacific. 



Washington 

Oregon 

California ... 



242,084 
161,182 

92, 304 
535, 150 
194, 5*0 

439, 444 



121,642 

275.917 

1 1 885 



511 . 844 

112,604 

1. 174,879 



1,467,212 

103, 171 

1,416,736 

2.827,331 



1,100,282 



39, 235 
267,329 

16 B81 
189,683 

27.7. 154 
1 . 727. 039 



547, 076 
397,914 
638, 997 
143.052 

6,051,138 



3,542,279 



867, 624 
548,247 
1,093,805 
7.24.717 
507,886 

2,508,859 



417,, 737 
520, 064 
734,800 
89,985 
107, 266 
266, 545 
344, 162 

3, 955, 832 



2,073,530 



557, 489 
539,668 
523, 994 
452. 379 

1 882,302 



391.261 
377, 232 
117.-36 
111,276 
884 797 



282,441 



51,733 
11.937. 
20. 469 
114,276 
54,028 

116,140 



28, 784 

79, 980 
7,376 

457, S45 



109, 666 
84,737 

262. 942 



10 to 19 
years. 



15, 630, 323 



3,796,851 



9 17, 964 



122, 782 
67, 617 
60, 645 

467, 197 
76, 031 

153, 692 

2,848,887 



1,284,470 

341,093 

1,223,324 

2,384,986 



969, 410 



36,619 
246, 181 

47, 548 
424, 339 
214, 723 

1,415,576 



20 to 29 
years. 



13,864,457 



4, 001, 660 



1,070,164 



117,054 
73, 992 
57, 169 

561,792 

84, 531.1 

175,627 



1,397,801 

354,636 

1,179,059 

1,871,660 



809. S9| 



449, 222 
331,783 
519, 343 
115, 228 

5, 433. 246 



3,221.77.1 



822,1.1.6 

522, 232 

97.7., 1 1 18 
480, 77,8 
441,050 



362. 211 

167,336 

071,644 
64,735 

ST. 660 
2 ; .j,".. 
325,856 

::.28::. 538 



1.77,7,186 



480, 420 
470, 353 
433,507 
372,906 

1,526,352 



315,119 

313, 7194 

93,049 

s; 566 

717,221 

737, 702 



217/228 



36.77,7 

31,647 
15,616 

39, 323 

91,960 



22,083 

63,010 

6,867 

428, 514 



33, 157 

216, 537 

61 . 267, 

322, 359 

176,576 

1,061,766 



30 to 39 
years. 



1(1. 7.20. .82(1 



3,300,692 



878,033 



96,223 

60,331 
47,874 
461,146 

145, 126 



1.178,017 
302, 982 
941,060 

1,197,487 



564,210 



26, 121 
163,790 
46,649 

210,290 
117,060 

633.277 



321, 46J 
337, 361 
402,018 
102,920 

4,695,358 



2,8)8, Us 





441.111 
891,463 
420, 598 
342, 086 

1,816,91(1 



309, 281 
397,291 

7.66,612 

7.8. ,,,,3 

66, 744 

190, 407 

257, 970 

2,549,972 



193,238 
134,970 

239, 493 
65, 576 

3,745, 185 



2, 330, 882 



603 156 

354,995 

719,271 
313,471 



1,369,435 



3s-,, 187 

366, 303 



285,639 
1,180,537 



252, 248 
305,084 
428, 655 
46, 375 
52,294 
113,441 
186, 506 



833, 195 



27.6,367 

236. 477 

70. 542 

67,81,3 

549, 349 
745. 807 



267, 391 
231,618 
189,709 
163,477 

735, 924 



159,758 
140,239 
It. 179 
52, 505 
338,943 

689, 037 



333 193 



217.330 



50,9 l 
27,761 

20, 898 
100. 935 

76, 451 



23, 480 
45, 078 

7, 893 



92,337 
81.201 
264,973 



92. 196 
72,849 

27(1.81.8 



7.11.789 

25. 362 
17.335 

96,974 

26, 876 

60,511 



19, 747 

34,235 

,, 529 



93, 18.: 
65,479 
152,2 



40 to 49 
years. 



7,701,778 



2,359,836 



64.8,63: 



81,631 
49, 598 
39, 707 

323, 649 
49,875 

104, 112 

1,711,204 



830, 494 
210, 002 
670, 708 

913,348 



430, 827 



20, 865 
124,760 

32,7.60 
1711, lit 
82,528 

183, 521 



157, 793 
102, 191 
175,821 
46, 716 

2,741,497 



1,715,084 



461,840 
269, 618 
504, 506 
269, 977 
209, 1 13 

1,026. 113 



172, 688 

221, 1 HI 
305,690 
31,459 
11 068 
105, 486 
1 47.. .882 

1,200,377 



637,430 



194, 199 
168,904 

17.1,' .HI 
119.383 

562, 947 



116. (KIT 

113, 5 

33, 451 
36, 725 

263.(199 

486, 720 



143,372 



29 222 

iei 68i 

111,287, 
67.414 
19,770 

42,905 



13, 763 
33.8117 
5, 335 



63, 890 
50, 400 

186.153 



50 to 59 
years. 



5,154,001 



1,596,940 



461,023 



64,247 
37, 856 
32,027 
220, 391 
33, 774 
72,728 



553, 431 
139, 163 
443, 323 

638, 729 



297.338 



14, 404 
84,870 
23,7,8., 
118.069 
56, 400 

341,401 



116,948 
70, 145 

125, 063 

29, 245 

1,831,989 



1,150.260 



318 s;.,, 

191,118 

316, 002 

1.89,890 

131.371 
681,729 



1113, 189 
151,647 
207, 638 
15, 470 
25,042 
69 - .7 
108,8,8,; 

793, 571 



60 to 69 
years. 



3, 094, 289 



994, 212 



304, 442 



48, 151 
27,280 

22,918 
138.391 
20, 167 
47,332 

68'.,, 77(1 



341,298 

83, 181 

265, 291 

371,291 



177,: 



8,679 
51,734 
13,236 
72,410 
31,750 

193. 452 



64,1 

43,315 
70,807, 

15,266 



716.328 



3110,37,1 

117,052 
191, 991 

118,018 

88,813 

III-, 37(1 



444,236 



134,086 
129, 542 
100,582 
80. 026 

349, 335 



74, 630 
72. 123 
18.967 

24.438 
158,877 

292, 772 



78, 218 



13,691 
10, 170 
5,029 
37,449 
11,876 

26,358 



7,877 
14, 459 
4,022 



63,388 
99,316 
121,045 
7,695 
13, 730 
37,962 
63. 231 

430, 503 



249,601 



77, 267 
69, 150 
55, 156 
48. 028 

180, 902 



41.589 
35, 943 
8,014 
12.022 
83, 334 

173,685 



38,272 



6, 572 
5,421 
2,005 
17,411 
6,863 

16,036 



1,019 
9,346 
2,671 



34,881 
31,281 

122,034 



17.602 
17,681 
84,094 



70 to 79 

years. 



so years 
and over. 



470, 760 



151,811 



25, 189 
15,132 

13,190 

65,355 
9,017 

23, 028 

318, 949 



161,906 
36, 486 
120, 557 

162, 767 



80, 292 



3,823 
22, 971 

7,, 287, 
33, 326 
14,887 

82,475 



29,954 
17, 392 
29, 173 

5, 956 

524, 145 



342, 450 



97,088 
63, 570 
87,133 
, ,,202 
19, 163 

181,689 



31,020 

13,333 

50,337 
3,346 
5,702 

15,393 
26, 662 

177, 993 



108, 178 



35, 343 
29, 657 
23,936 
19, 242 

69, 815 



17,618 

13, 630 

2,506 

3, 691 

32, 434 

68,033 



12,393 



1 , 929 

1 , 827, 

7,13 

6,720 
2,376 

7,169 



1,427 

4,779 

963 

48,471 



0,208 

7,410 

34, 793 



3ti 

Tu.i e :57. -PER CENT THAT POPULATION IN EACH SPECIFIED AGE GROUP FORMS OF THE TOTAL POPULATION 

OF KNOWN AGES: 1900. 



STATE OR TERRITORY. 


Under 10 
years. 


10 to 19 
years. 


20 to 29 

years. 


30 to 39 
years. 


40 to 49 
years. 


50 to 59 
years. 


60 to 69 
years. 


70 to 79 
year-. 


80 years 
and over. 




23.8 


20.6 


18.3 


13.9 


10.2 


6.8 


4.1 


1.8 


0.5 








20.7 


18.1 


19.1 


15.7 


11.2 


7.6 


4.7 


2.3 


0.6 








19.1 


17.0 


19.2 


16.8 


11.6 


8.3 


5.5 


2.7 


0.8 








18.6 
18.0 

is. a 
19.2 
19.6 
19.6 

21.3 


17.7 
16.5 

17.7 
1(',.7 
17.8 
16.9 

18.5 


16.9 
18. 

16.7 
20.1 
19. s 
19.4 

19.0 


13.9 
14.7 
14.0 
16.5 
15.9 
16.0 

15. 7 


11.8 

12.1 
11.6 
11.6 
11.6 
11.5 

11.1 


9.3 
9.2 
9.3 
7.9 

7.9 
8.0 

7.3 


6.9 
6.6 
6.7 
5.0 
4.7 
5.2 

4.5 


3.7 
3.7 
3.8 
2.3 

2.1 
2.6 

2.1 


1.2 




1.2 




1.3 




0.7 




0.6 




0.8 




0.5 








20.2 
21.5 

22.5 

27.1 


17.7 
18.1 
19.5 

22.9 


19.3 
18.9 
18.7 

18.0 


16.2 
16.1 
15.0 

11.5 


11.5 
11.2 

10.7 

8.8 


7.6 
7.4 
7.0 

6.1 


4.7 
4.4 
4.2 

3.6 


2.2 
1.9 

1.9 

1.6 


0.6 




0.5 




0.5 




0.4 








24.7 


21. S 


18.2 


12.6 


9.7 


6.7 


4.0 


1.8 


0.5 








21.3 
22. 6 
16.8 
26.5 
26. 9 

29. 


19.9 
20:8 
17.1 
22.9 
22.5 

23.7 


is. II 

18.3 
22.0 
17.4 
18.5 

17.8 


14.3 
13.8 
16.8 
11.4 
12.3 

10.6 


11.3 
10.5 
11.7 
9.2 
8.6 

8.1 


7.8 
7.2 
8.5 
6.4 
5.9 

5.7 


4.7 
4.4 
4.7 
3.9 
3.3 

3.3 


2.1 

1.9 
1.9 
1.8 
1.6 

1.4 


0.6 




H.5 




II . 5 




0.5 




0.4 




0.4 








29.0 
29.7 
28.9 
27. 2 

23.0 


23.8 
24.8 
23.5 
21.9 

20.7 


17.0 
17.6 
is. 2 
19. 6 

17.9 


10.2 
10.1 

10.8 
12.5 

14.2 


8.3 
7.6 
8.0 
8.9 

10.4 


6.2 
5.3 

5.7 
5.6 

7.0 


3.4 

3.2 
3.2 

2.9 

4.3 


1.6 
1.3 
1.3 
1.1 

2.0 


0.5 




0.4 




0.4 




0.3 




0.5 








22.2 


20.2 


17.9 


14.6 


10.7 


7.2 


4.5 


2.1 


0.6 






Ohio 


20.9 
21.8 
22.7 
21.7 
24.6 

24.3 


19.8 
20.8 
19.9 
19.9 
21.3 

21.1 


18.2 
17.6 
18.5 
17.4 
16. 6 

17.9 


14.5 
14.1 
15.6 
14.2 
13. 5 

13.7 


11.1 

10.8 

10.5 
11.2 
10.1 

9.9 


7.7 
7.6 
6.6 
7.8 
6.6 

6.6 


4.8 
4.7 
4.0 
4.9 
4.3 

4.0 


2.4 
2.1 
1.8 
2.3 

2.4 

1.8 


0.6 




ii 5 




0.4 




0.6 




0.7 




0.4 








25.5 
23.3 
23.7 
28.3 
26.8 
25.0 
23.5 

28.2 


20. 7 
21.0 
21.7 

20.3 
21.9 
21.8 
22.2 

23.4 


17.7 
17.8 
18.3 
18.4 
16.7 
17.9 
17.6 

18.2 


14.5 
13.7 
13.8 
14.6 
13.0 
13.5 
12.7 

11.3 


9.9 
10.1 
9.9 
9.9 

10.2 
9.9 
9.9 

8.5 


5.9 
6.8 
6.7 
4.9 
6.3 
6.6 
7.4 

5.6 


3.6 
4.5 
3.9 
2.4 
3.4 
3.6 
4.0 

3.1 


1.8 
2.2 

1.6 
1.0 
1.4 
1.4 
1.8 

1.3 


0.4 




0.6 




0.4 




0.2 




0.3 




0.3 




0.4 




0.4 








27. 6 


23.4 


18.2 


11.3 


8.5 


5.9 


3.3 


1.4 


0.4 








26.0 
26.8 
28. 8 
29.2 

28.9 


22.4 
23.4 
23.8 
24.1 

23. 5 


18.0 
18.2 
18.3 
18.5 

18.1 


12.5 
11.5 
10.4 
10.6 

11.3 


9.1 

8.4 
8.5 

7.7 

8.6 


6.3 
6.4 
5.5 

5.2 

5.4 


3.6 

3.4 
3.0 
3.1 

2.8 


1.7 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 

1.1 


0.4 




0.4 




0.4 




0.4 




0.3 








28.4 
28.9 
30.2 
28.0 
29. 1 

21.1 


22.9 
24.0 
23.9 

.... | 

23.' 6 

1S.1 


18.6 

18.1 
18.1 
17.1 
18.1 

18.3 


11.6 

10.7 
11.4 
13.2 
11.2 

17.0 


8.4 
8.7 
8.6 
9.3 

8.7 

12.0 


5.4 
5.5 
4.9 
6.2 

5.2 

7.2 


3.0 

2.8 
2.1 
3.0 

2.7 

4.3 


1.3 
1.0 
0.6 
0.9 

1.1 

1.7 


0.4 




0.3 
0.2 




0.2 




0.3 




0.3 








23.1 


17.7 


19.0 


17.8 


11.7 


6.4 


3.1 


1.0 


0.2 








21.4 
26.0 
22.2 
21.4 
27. s 

26.4 


15.2 
19.6 
16.9 
17.5 
20.2 

20.9 


21.0 

17.2 
22.6 
18.9 
16.8 

17.4 


21.0 

15.7 
18.8 
18.1 
13.8 

13.8 


12.1 
10.4 
11.1 
12.6 
10.2 

9.8 


5.6 
6.3 
5.5 
7.0 

6.1 

6.0 


2.7 
3.4 
2. 2 
3.2 
3.5 

3.7 


0.8 
1.1 
0.6 
1.1 
1.2 

1.6 


0.2 




0.3 




0.1 




0.2 




0.4 




0.4 








23.7 
29.0 
17.6 

19.1 


18.1 
22.8 
16.4 

17.9 


19.3 
16.3 
18.8 

18.2 


16.2 
12.4 
15.6 

17.1 


11.3 

8.6 
12.7 

12.5 


6.5 
5.3 
9.6 

7.8 


3.3 
3.4 

6.4 

6.0 


1.2 

1.7 
2.3 

2.0 


0.4 


Utah 


0.5 




0.6 


Pacific 


0.4 








21.4 
20.5 
17.8 


18.1 

19.7 
17.3 


18.1 
17.6 
IS. 4 


18.3 
15.9 

17.1 


12.5 
12.2 
12.6 


6.8 

7.6 

8.3 


3.4 

4.3 
5.7 


1.2 
1.8 

2.3 


0.2 


Oregon 


0.4 




0.5 







37 



Among the main geographic divisions the South 
Central division has relatively the largest population 
under 10 years of age, and between 10 and 20 years of 
age. The North Atlantic division has relatively the 
largest population between 20 and 30 years of age, and 
in each of the groups 50 years and over. The Western 
division has relatively the largest population between 
30 and 40 and between 40 and 50 years of age. The rela- 
tive minima for the various age groups are as follows: 
Under 10, and 10 to 19, tire North Atlantic division; 
20 to 29, the North Central division; and each of the 
higher age groups, the Western division. The age 
constitution of the North Central division is most nearly 
representative of that of continental United States as a 
whole. 

The age constitutions of the North Atlantic and the 
Western divisions are alike, with respect to the small 
proportion of the population in the first 20 years of life, 
but for the other age groups there are marked differ- 
ences between the two divisions. These differences are 
clearly apparent in Table 38. It shows that over two- 
fifths of the population of both the North Atlantic 
and the Western divisions is more than 30 years 
old — a larger proportion than in any of the other 
divisions. But the population 30 years of age and over 
is distributed very differently for the two divisions. 
In the North Atlantic division a smaller per cent of this 
part of the population is less than 60 years of age than 
in any other division. In the Western division a larger 



per cent of the population is between 30 and 60 years of 
age than in any other division; that is, the North 
Atlantic division contains an unusually large number 
of persons of advanced age, while the Western division 
contains an unusually large number of persons in 
middle life. 

Table 38. — Per cent that population 30 years of age and over form* 
of the total population if known ages, and per cent that the 
population betwi i n SOand 60 gears of age and 60 years of age and over 
forms of the population 30 years of age and over, for main geographic 
divisions: 1900. 



Per cent that population 
30 years of age and over 
forms of total population 
of known ages 

Per cent that population 
between 30 and 60 years of 
age forms of the popula- 
tion over 30 years 

Per cent that population 
60 years of age and over 
forms of the population 
over 30 years 



North 
Atlantic 
division. 



82.0 



South North 
Atlantic Central 
division, division. 



82.6 



82.4 



South 
Central 
division. 



Western 
division. 



30.2 12.4 



84.5 85. S 



15.5 



It now remains to consider the distribution of the 
population by 10-year groups for the states and terri- 
tories. Anything like an adequate discussion of these 
results would require so much space that it seems best 
to substitute for such an analysis Table 39, which shows 
the states and territories in the order of the proportions 
of their population in the various age groups. 



38 

Table 39.— RANK OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES IN THE PER CENT OF THEIR POPULATION OF KNOWN AGES 

IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS: 1900. 





UNDER 10 YEARS. 


10 TO 19 YEARS. 


20 TO 29 YEARS. 


30 TO 39 YEARS. 


40 TO 49 YEARS. 




RANK. 


terril 


Per 
cent. 


State or territory. 


Per 

(Tilt. 


State Or territory. 


Per 


State or territory. 


Per 
cent. 


or territory. 


Per 
cent. 


RANK. 


] 


Territory ... 
South Carolina 


30. 239 
29. 728 

29. 138 
28. 987 
28.962 
28.914 
28.876 

28 18 i 
28 261 
2s. II 11 
27. 767 
27. 21 if, 
26. 927 
26.811 
26. 701 
26 165 
26.046 
!6.017 
ilO 
25. 036 
24.580 
23.717 
23.663 
23. 17 1 
23. 357 
22.739 
22 580 
22. 523 
22. 176 
21.832 
21.705 
21.416 
-I | 6 
21.370 
21.354 
21.297 
20.901 
20. 537 
20. 21ft 
19.616 
19.580 
19.254 
18.875 
18. 623 
17.954 
17.828 
17.610 
16. 838 


South Carolina 


'J 1.7-7 
24.089 
23.989 
28.898 
23.793 
23. 782 

23.500 

22.934 
22.861 
22.837 

22 M 
22 145 

.j.j 206 

22.068 
21.914 
21.869 
21.793 
21 . 678 
21 345 
20.988 
20. 797 
20. 793 
20.731 
20 831 
20. 209 
19.887 
19.877 
19.855 
19.820 
19. 681 
19.634 
19.448 
18.154 
18.144 
18. 010 
17.779 
17.722 
17. 698 
17. CM 
17. 544 
17.288 
17.078 
16. 940 
16.918 
16.710 
16.473 
16. 395 
15.183 




22.641 
22.004 
21.048 

■_>ll 091 

19.766 
19.574 
19.3 >s 
19. 302 
19. 259 
18.865 
18. 861 
18.844 

is. 711 

18.599 
18.533 
18. 489 
is. 152 
18.406 
18.362 

18.289 

18. -8S 

18.239 
18.198 
18. 191 
18.146 

18.11,8 

18.102 
18. 091 
18. 0"1 

18.027 
17. 998 
17.996 
17.885 
17.843 
17. 701 
17.656 
17.584 
17.580 
17.567 
17. 422 
17. 398 
17. 224 
17.088 
17.018 
16. 895 
16. 777 
16. 678 
16. 651 
16. 555 
16. 338 




20.980 
18 7-n 
18.264 
is. 121 
17, Ml 
16.755 
16.494 

10. 23 1 
16.231 
10.117 
1 , 996 
15.885 
15.870 
15.735 
15.588 
1ft. S77 
14.901 
14. 699 
1 1.665 
14. 532 

11. 186 
14.342 
1 1.208 
14.137 
13.967 
13. 889 
13.835 

13.831 
13.812 
13.702 
13. 550 
13.473 
13. 232 
13.046 
12.710 
12.493 
12. 471 

12. 408 
12. 257 
11.0911 
11. 607 
1 1 12 1 
11.365 
11.162 
10. 837 
10. 73ft 
10. 560 
10.412 
10. 230 
10. 084 




12.737 
12.622 

12. ".97 
12. 482 
12.21ft 
12.084 

12,071 
11.782 
11.694 
11.663 
11.601 

11.070. 

11.476 

n ii 
11.320 
11.314 
11.171 

11.10.8 

11.113 
11.127 

10. 737 
10. 003 
10.638 
111 188 
10. 349 
10 246 
10.160 
10. 122 
10.066 
9.941 
9.908 
9.883 
9.880 
9.S66 
9.255 
9.194 
9.073 
8.884 
8. 701 
8.664 
8.641 
8.628 
8.592 
8.504 
8.416 

8.391 

8.353 
7.956 
7.712 
7.635 


1 


2 


Dial of Columbia .. 


Wyoming 

Washington 


i 'aiitornia 


2 




Indian Territory ... 


■1 


Texas 


Rhode Island 


Washington 






Utah 




ft 


6 


Carolina 


North Carolina 

Texas 


Dist. of Columbia . 
Massachusetts 


New Hampshire. . 






i tonnecticut 


7 


8 










9 








Dist. of Columbia. 

Rhode Island 




in 








New Jersey 

Connecticut 

Rhode Island 


10 


11 


.Ninth Dakota 






11 


12 


Utah 




Massachusetts. - . . 

< lonnecticut 

New York 


12 


13 


New Mexico 

Florida 


W.st Virginia 


Pennsylvania 


13 


1 1 


Idaho 

Nevada 

Illinois 

Pennsylvania 

New Hampshire... 

North Dakota 

Ohio 


14 


15 


West Virginia 






15 


16 




West Virginia 

Mississippi 

North Dakota 

California .* 

Maryland 






17 


South Dakota 

Virginia 




New Jersey 




IS 


South I ia kohl 


18 


19 






20 








20 


21 


Minnesota 






21 


22 






Delaware 


Pennsylvania 

Maryland 


22 


23 








23 


24 










24 


25 




Minnesota 

North Dakota 

New Mexico 








25 


26 




Indian Territory ... 
Arkansas 


Maine 


South Dakota 

New Mexico 

Wisconsin 


26 


27 




27 


28 




Maryland 

New Mexico 

Iowa 


28 


29 


Maryland 

Wyoming 


Delaware 


Washingti m 

New Hampshire. . . . 


29 


30 




30 


31 


Ohio 




31 


82 








Minnesota 

North Dakota 


32 


33 










33 


34 




Pennsylvania 

Arizona 




South Dakota ... 


34 


:)."> 


Washington 




Oklahoma 


35 


36 






36 


37 


Colorado 


Washington 

Rhode Island 


South Carolina 




Kentucky 


37 


38 


Utah 


38 


39 


Ohio 


West Virginia 
Louisiana 






40 






Virginia 




40 


41 






West Virginia 

Utah 


41 


42 


Massachusetts 






Indian Territory .. 


42 


43 




Oklahoma 

North Carolina 


Indian Territory . 


43 


44 


Dist. of Columbia .. 
Connecticut 




44 


4ft 




Louisiana 

Tennessee 

North Carolina . . . 


4ft 


46 




New Mexico 




46 


47 


New Hampshire 

California 

Dist. of Columbia .. 


Massachusetts 

New Hampshire 


Mississippi 


47 


48 


South Dakota 


48 


49 


North Carolina 

South Carolina 


South Carolina . . . 


49 


50 




Utah 


50 











Table 39.— RANK OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES IX THE PER CENT OF THEIR POPULATION OF KNOWN AGES 

IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS: 1900— Continued. 



50 TO 59 YEARS. 



State <>r territory. 



Nevada 

Vermont 

Maine 

New Hampshire.. 
Dist. of Columbia. 

California 

Connecticut 

Rhode Island 

Massachusetts 
Indian Territory . 

Michigan 

Delaware 

Ohio 

New York 

Indiana 

i tregon 

Kansas 

New Jersey 

Maryland 

Pennsylvania 

Colorado 

Washington 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Illinois 

Nebraska 

Wisconsin 

Arizona 

Tennessee 

Virginia 

Idaho 

Kentucky 

South Da kota 
North Carolina . . . 

Oklahoma 

New Mexico 

Minnesota 

West Virginia .... 

Georgia 

Montana 

Florida 

Arkansas 

Alabama 

Wyoming 

Louisiana 

i la rolina . . . 

Otah 

Texas 

Mississippi 

North Dakota 



Per 
cent. 



an:: 

343 

273 

223 

171 

.'71 

016 

. SOS 

.883 

.871 

.819 
. 683 
625 
.611 
.581 
. 120 
.403 
.168 
-Ills 

998 
815 
811 

7112 

562 
503 
176 
136 

::,S1 

;m 

',. 

248 
191 
159 

1114 
'.««, 
906 
659 

657 
562 
544 
520 

lis 
111 
2|ii 
211 



60 To 69 YEARS. 



-Ian' or territory. 



Maine 

Vermont 

New Hampshire. . 

Nevada 

California 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Ohio 

Dist. of Columbia. 

Rhode Island 

Delaware 

New York 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas . < 

New Jersey 

Maryland " 

U iSi onSin 

i tregon 

Pennsylvania 

Illinois 

Virginia 

M issouri . 



Pei 

cent. 



(1 
6 
5, 
5, 

i 
4 
I 
1 
4 
4 
4 
4 
I 
4 
4 
I 
I 
4 
4, 
7, 

:: 

Minnesota 

Kentucky 

Nebraska 

New Mi xico 

Washin 

Tenm ssi e 

South I' 
North < 

Utah 

Idaho 

West Virginia . . 
Arizona 

lo 

South Cat 

Georgia 

Mississippi . ... 

i iklahoma 

Alabama 

Louisiana 



as 

Texas . 



Montana 2 

North Dakota 2. 

[g 2 

Indian Territory 2 



950 

ii.si; 
646 
377 
702 

217 

'J 77 

882 
827 

771 

716 

711 

7U2 

661 
160 
145 

127. 
7,711 

298 

285 

217 
'I'll 
"17, 

907 
628 
610 

7,,-; 

189 
136 

127 

392 

:;s7 

325 
304 

236 

21 1 1 
II 12 
1 1711 

027 

"17 
"H7, 
771 
711 
7 17 
417 
172 



711 T" 79 YEARS. 



State 1 1! territory. 



Vermont 

New Hampshire. , 

Maine 

Connecticut 

\\ isci msin 

California 

ohin 

Massachusetts - - . 

Nevada 

Michigan 

New York 

Iowa 

Indiana 

Rhode Island 

Delaware 

New Jersi ; 

Maryland ' 

Pennsvh 

Dist. oi ' iiluiiiliiu 

Kansas 

Illinois 

Virginia 

Oregon 

Minnesota 

Utah 

Kentucky 



North Can linn - . . 
West Virginia 



South Dai 

■ 

i 

South Carolina ... 

Louisiana 

ppi 

Washington 

New Mexico 





Idaho 

Colorado 

Texas 

North Dal i 

Arkansas 

-"a 



Indian Territory . 
Wyoming 



Prr 
cent. 



SO YEARS AND OVER. 



-tiilr nr territory. 



Vermont 

New HllMi|,-liir, 

Maine 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts 

Wisconsin 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Rhode Island 

New York 

Iowa 

Delaware 

Nevada 

Indiana 

Virginia 

Dist. of Columbia 

Maryland 

New Jersey 

North Carolina . . 

Pennsylvania 

California 

Mississippi 

Utah 

Louisiana 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Minnesota 

New Mea 

Kentucky 

Georgia .' 

West Virginia 

Kansas 

South Carolina... 



Arizona 

essee . 

* iregon 

Florida 

Nebraska 

South Dakota 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Washingl 

hill In i 

North Dakota 

Colorado 

Oklahoma 

Montana 

Indian Territory. 
Wyoming 



Per 

cent. 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 

26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
4ft 
11 
42 
13 
44 
45 
4t; 

47 
48 
49 

50 



40 



The number and proportion of children vn tht 'popu- 
lation. Perhaps the most important and interesting 
results of the age inquiry arc the statistics of the num- 
ber and proportion of children in the population. 
These statistic-- make it possible to come to some knowl- 
edge of the rale of the " natural increase" of the popu- 
lation of the differenl classes and in the same geographic 
areas. The proportion of children in the population 
is, of course, primarily a function of the birth rate. 

Table 40.— NUMBER AND PEB CENT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION UNDER 1 YEAR AND TJNDEE 5 YEARS OF AGE, 
CLASSIFIED BY SEX, RACE, .VXD NATIVITY, FOB CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900, 1890, AND 1880. 



but it is also affected by the rate of infant mortality, 
which varies widely among different classes of the pop- 
ulation. The migration of children in the first lew 

years of life is so small as to he. for most purposes, 
negligible. 

Table 40 shows the number and proportion of chil- 
dren under 1 and under ."> years of age, for the censuses 
of 1900, L890, and L880. 





lilOO 


1890 


1SSII 


BEX, RACE, NATIVITY, <>K 
NATIVITY OP PARENTS. 


Number. 


Percent. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Number. 


Percent. 




i nder i 


Under 5. 


Under 1 . 


Under 5. 


Under 1. 


Under 5. 


Under 1. 


Under 5 


Under 1. 


Under 5. 


Under 1. 


Under 5. 


Aggregate: 


1,916,892 
969, 2">7 
947,635 


9, 170, 628 
4, 633, 612 
4,537.016 


2.5 
2.5 
2.6 


12.1 
11.9 

12. 2 


1,566,734 

7911, 373 
767,361 


7,634,693 
3,884,869 

:;, 7 19, 82 1 


2.6 
2.5 
2.5 


12.2 
12. 1 

12.3 


1, 117,9X3 
734,024 

713.9f>9 


6,914,516 
3,507,709 

:>,, 400, so7 


2.9 
2.9 
2.9 


13.8 




13.8 


Females 


13.8 


Total white: 

Both sexes 


1,665,007 
844,238 
B20.769 

1,661,005 
842,22] 

S1N.7M 

1,157,534 
587,815 
569,719 

503, 171 
254, 106 
249,065 

4,002 

2, (117 
1,985 

251,88 
125, 019 
126, B66 

244,510 
121,329 
123, 18] 


7,919,952 
1,011, 155 
1,908, 197 

7,867,583 

3,882,695 

:,, 164,881 
2,773,201 
2,691,680 

2, 102,702 
1,211,687 

1,191,015 

52, 369 
26,567 
2 i,802 

1,250,676 
622,157 
628,519 

1,215,655 
604, 187 
611,168 


2.5 
2. 5 
2.5 

2.9 
2.9 

2. 9 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

3.2 
3.2 
3.2 

(') 
(') 
(') 

2.8 
2.7 
2.8 

2.8 

2. S 

2.8 


11.9 
11. s 
12.0 

13.9 

i '. 9 
13.9 

13.4 
13.4 
13. 4 

15. 1 
15. 1 
15.2 

0.5 
0.5 
0.5 

13.7 
13.6 

1.: 8 

18 - 
i.: 8 
13.8 


1 3 ,9 120 
694,766 
664,354 

692, 626 
662,288 

941,657 
182,794 
158,863 

413,257 
209 s32 
203, 425 

!, 106 
2. HO 
2,066 

207,614 
104,607 
103, 007 


6.579,648 
3,351,104 

1 28 44 

6,493,019 
3,307,064 
3, 185,955 

i. i50,682 
2,323,933 
2, 226, 749 

1,942,337 
983, 131 

I, 

86, 629 

44,040 

1,055 045 
,33,71 , 
521,280 


2.5 

' i 

3.0 
8.0 

2. 9 

2.7 
2.8 

2.7 

:; 6 
3.6 
3.6 

el 

2.7 
2.7 
2.7 


12.0 
11.9 

12. 1 

14.2 
14.3 

111 

13.3 

; : 
13.2 

111. 9 
17.0 
16.8 

1.0 
0.9 
1.0 

13. 9 
13 9 


1,218,787 
620, 296 
598 191 

1, 212.7:17 
617, 307 
595, 430 


5,800,151 
2,949,449 

2. -,,n. 702 

5,737,780 
2, 918, 193 
2,819 ..-7 


2.8 
2.8 

2.8 

3.3 
3.3 
3.3 


1. 4 

1.: .; 




13.4 


Native white: 

Mules 


15.6 
15. 7 




15. 5 


Native white — natr\ e pfl r- 
ents: 

Buthsexcs 






















(Native white— foreign par- 
ents: 






























Foreign white: 


6,050 
2,989 
3,061 

229, 196 
113,72s 
115 168 


62, 371 
31,256 

31,115 

I, in,".'.;, 

■Y.-.2UI 

Vt, hi, 


1 

0. 1 

:;. 1 
3.4 
8. 1 


0.9 




0.9 




1.0 




16.5 




10.5 




16.5 


■ 



















































' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 



Considering first the results for 1900, it appears that 
the smallest proportion of children in each of the two 
groups shown in the table is found in the foreign while 
population, and the largest proportion in the native 
white population of foreign parents. These figures 
indicate simply that the proportion of children among 
our immigrants is small, and that the foreign white 
population is contributing relatively more to the nat- 
ural increase of the population than is any other class. 
This latter fact does not mean necessarily a relatively 
higher fecundity for the foreign born population, for 



birth rates are not of much significance unless differ- 
ences in the sex and age constitution of the various 
classes of the population are taken into account. The 
age constitution of the foreign born population is espe- 
cially favorable to a high birth rate, for. as has been 
seen, a relatively large proportion of that class of the 
population is of adult age. 

It will be noticed that the per cent of the negro 
population under 1 year of age is the same as the cor- 
responding per cent for the native white population 
of native parents. This does not indicate necessarily 



41 



that the birth rates of the two classes are approxi- 
mately equal, for the errors in the reports of children's 
ages must be taken into account, and these have been 
shown to be more important for the negro than for 
anv other class of the population. Moreover, infantile 
death rates are usually large in the same classes of the 
population in which birth rates are large, a fact which 
tends to equalize the proportion of children in different 
classes of the population. In 1900, for the registration 
area, the ratio of the deaths of children under 1 year of 
age to 1,000 births was 142.8 for native white children, 
and ^!'7.n for colored children. 

The proportion of the total population in each of the 
two age periods under consideration decreased between 
1880 and 1900, the decrease being more noticeable for 
the colored than for the native white population. 
Comparisons of the figures for 1890 and 1900 would be 
misleading, because of the abnormal amount of over- 
statement of children's ages in 1890, and because those 
tabulated as less than 5 years old in that year included 
only those children who were reported as less than 4| 
years old. 

Table -±1 shows the number and per cent of the pop- 
ulation in these age groups for the most importanl 
countries of Europe. 

Table 41. — Number and per cent of th< populatio I and 

under 6 years of age, for I peat countries. 1 









NUMBER. 




PER CENT. 
















CODS i RY. 
















All known 


Under 1. 


[ i ■ . 


Under 1. 




Austria 


1890 


23,895, n 1 




^.OTKT'J. 7 . 




12.8 


Belgium 


1890 


6,069 321 






2. 5 




Denmark 


1890 






1 






England and 














Wales - 


1891 









2. e 


12. 2 





1890 








1.7 


8.7 


i termanj 


1890 


19, 128,470 


1,428,687 


i,, 128,836 


J • 





Holland 


1890 


1,511,169 




592,903 


2.9 




Hungary 


1890 


i 139 !2i 




2, 150, 167 


3.2 


11. 1 


1 pi land 


1891 


i ;n ,964 


90,789 




1.9 


Hi.ii 


[taly 


1880 


155,94! 


7m] 599 




•1.1 


12 1 


Norway 


1890 




- 


261, 126 


2.9 






1890 


5, 049, 129 


115,957 


g 


2.3 


11.7 


Scotland 


1891 


1,025,647 


107,652 




2.6 


12.5 




1890 


17,252,472 


154,880 


■ 




12 1 


Sweden 


1890 


4,784,981 


121,835 




2 5 


12. ■> 


Switzerland . . 


1890 


2, 933, 334 


65,969 


. m 


2. 2 


11.0 



1 Compiled from Bertillon, Statistique Internationale. 

Only in France, Ireland. Portugal, and Switzerland. 
of the 16 countries shown in the table, is the proportion 
of children under 1 year of age less than in the United 
States. This seems to indicate that "natural increase" 



is not so important a factor in the growth of the popu- 
lation of the United States as in the majority of Euro- 
pean countries. It is probable, however, that in most 
of these countries the ages of children are reported 
more accurately than in the United States. It should 
be remembered, also, that migration of adults has 
operated to increase the proportion of children in most 
European countries and to decrease the corresponding 
proportion in the United States. 

Table 42 shows the number and per cent of chil- 
dren under 1 and under 5 years of age in rural and 
urban districts. 

Table 42. — Number and per rent <>/ (hi total population under J 
ii. .-<■ inn! under ~> years of age, classified by s< a and as living in cities 
having at least 100,000 inlmbuants, in cities having between 25,000 
and lOO.Ooo inhabitants, and m smaller cities and rural districts, for 
continental United states: 



SEX OB AGE PERIOD. 


IN CITIES HAY- 
1 1 LEAST 
■'P INHAB- 
ITANTS. 


IN CITIES I'll 
ING BETWEEN 
1 "''II AND 
100,000 INHAB- 
ITANTS. 


I N S M A L L E R 
CITI E.S A N 1> 
1 1 : I I. D I S- 
TRICTS. 




\ Mill In l 


Per 
eent. 


Number. 


Per 

cent. 


Number. 


Per 


Under 1 year: 


748,063 


■J. 3 
■2.2 

10. 6 

in - 

l-i. D 




2.1 

2. 1 
2.1 

10.0 

1" i 


732,843 

7,115,838 
8,599,776 
3, 516,062 


■• 7 




•' 6 


! :ilu^ 

■ :. 
Bo1 h sexes 


2.1 

12.7 


Females 


12. 9 



The proportion of children under J year of ace is 
smaller in cities of over LOO, 000 inhabitants and in cities 
having between 25,000 and 100,000 inhabitants than 
the corresponding proportion in smaller cities and rural 
districts. The same is true for children under •> years 
of age. In each case the difference is more marked for 
females than for males, but. that false inferences may 
not be drawn from this fact, it should be noted that in 
cities having over 25,000 inhabitants 4'.>.s per cent of 
the population are males and 50.2 per cent, females. 
The per cent which the number of children of each sex 
forms of the total number of children is substantially 
the same for cities and for rural district-. 

Table 43 shows the number and per cent of the pop- 
ulations of the states and territories that are under 1 
and under 5 years of age. 



42 



Table 43.— Xl'MBER AND I'll; CI'.XT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION UNDER 1 AND UNDER 5 YEARS nF AGE: 1900. 





NUMBER. 


PER 1 1 I 


STATE OR TERRITORY. 


NDMBEB. 


PER CENT. 




Under l. 


Under 5 


Under 1. Under ft. 


Under 1. 


Under 5. 


Under 1. 


Under 5. 




1,916 922 


9,170,628 


2.5 


12.0 


Continental United States— Cont'd, 
North Central division— Cont'd 
Western North Central 


263, 121 


1,264,617 


2.5 










176 BIO 


2,244,321 


2.3 


10.7 


12.3 




47,056 
54,768 
75,587 
10,198 
11,893 
27. 793 
35, B29 

416. 533 


!( 

364 086 
47. 783 
55,217 

133,747 
172. 122 

2, 016, 078 


2.7 

2. i 
2. 1 
8.2 

3.0 
2.6 
2.4 

3.0 


13.1 
11.8 




117,940 


554, 254 


2 1 


9.9 








11.8 




13,503 

B.048 
6, 755 

60, 492 
9,368 

19,774 

358, 870 


65, 690 
38,231 
32,852 
282,237 
43, 452 
91, 792 

1,690,067 


1.9 
2.0 
2.0 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.3 


9.5 

9.3 
9.6 
1" 1 
10.2 
10.1 

11.0 


North Dakota 


15.0 
















































Eastern South Centra] 




Southern North Atlantic 


219, 169 


1,055,904 


2.9 


14.0 




61,790 
57, 671 
54, (in 
45, 307 

197, 364 


284,230 
274,923 
267,300 
229, IM 

960, 174 


2.9 

2. 9 

3.0 

:; ii 


13.3 
13.7 




43,57] 
155,778 

304,465 


753, 490 
206, 446 
730,13] 

1.447,579 


2.2 
2.3 
2.5 

2.9 


10.4 
11.0 
11.6 

13.9 






14.7 






14 8 




Western South Central 


14.8 








119,817 


;«K.IM 


2.7 


12.6 


39, 084 
39,281 
12,783 

12. 112 
93 B04 

87,563 


199, UK. 

189,81] 
59,985 
58, ,30 

152, : 12 

423,997 


2.8 
3.0 
3.3 

3.1 
3.1 

2.2 


14.5 


Northern South Atlantic 




14 ft 






15.4 

14 8 




4. 167 

28, 398 

4,758 

ft2.ftSN 

30,106 

184,648 


19, 796 
134,584 

23,160 
249,055 

135. 465 

885,529 


2.3 

2.4 
1.7 

2.8 
3.2 

3.1 


10.7 
11.4 
8.3 
13.5 

14.2 

14.9 






Texas 

Western division 


14 9 


Districl of < loluml 


10.4 








30, 496 


143, 285 


2.5 


11.7 


Southern South Atlantic. . , . 


Montana 




5, 629 
1,653 
2.10ft 
11,950 
6, 159 

13. 100 


26, 979 
21,560 

10, ft20 

56 ' 

27.227 
60, 391 


2.3 

2 ',' 
2.3 

2.2 
:;. 2 

3.0 


11.1 




60, 255 
43, 002 
66,327 
i ,,064 

631,551 


_•-:;, 712 

203, 651 

32ft. 473 

72. 693 

3,038,653 


3.2 
3.2 
3.0 
2.9 

2.4 


15.0 
15.2 
14.7 
13. 8 

11.6 




13 1 








































13.7 










3. 153 
9,176 

771 

13 967 


14,785 
11,852 
3,754 

220 321 






Eastern North Central 


368, 4-J7 


1,774,036 


2.3 


11.1 


Utah 


8.3 15.2 


Nevada 


1.8 9. 


Ohio 


S9.::ft'.i 
57,993 
114,392 
54,161 

52. 522 


131, sin 
274 799 
550,036 
260,65! 
256,734 


2.2 
2.3 
2.4 
2 2 

•Is 


10.4 
10. 9 
11.-1 
10.8 
12. 4 


Pacific 






1.8 9.2 






10,761 
8,069 

2:,, 137 


41.111 
125. 937 


2.1 10.4 






2.0 I" 






1.7 











While for continental United States as a whole the 
proportion of children under 1 is 2.5 per cent (or 1 in 
every 40 of the. population), this proportion varies in 
the individual states from 3.3 per cent (or 1 in every 
30) in Utah and Indian Territory to 1.7 per cent (or 1 
in every 60) in California and the District of Colum- 
bia. The proportion in Pennsylvania. Wisconsin, and 
Iowa is the same as that for continental United States. 
The states in which the proportion of children under 
1 is greater than it is for continental United States, 
as a whole, form two well-defined groups. One of these 
areas includes all of the states east of the Mississippi 
river and south of the Potomac and Ohio rivers, together 
with Arkansas, Louisiana, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, 
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona. Utah, and Idaho. The 
other group is composed of Wisconsin. Minnesota. 
North and South Dakota, and Nebraska. The rela- 
tively high proportion of children in the states of the 
South Atlantic and South Central divisions is to be 
traced to two main causes — the large negro population 
and the relatively small urban population of this 
section of the country. Those states of the North 
Central division in which the proportion of children is 
relatively large are states that combine a large foreign 
born population with a relatively small urban popula- 



tion. New Mexico, Arizona. Utah, and Idaho, with 
their high proportion of children, present a contrast to 
the other states of the Western division. 

All of the states in which less than 2.2 per cent of the 
population are under 1 year of age. with the exception 
of Ohio. Nevada, and the District of Columbia, are in 
New England or on the Pacific coast. 

The per cent of children under 5 varies from 15.4 
in Indian Territory to 8.3 in the District of Columbia. 
In Wisconsin, Arizona, and Iowa the per cent of 
children under 5 is approximately the same as in con- 
tinental United States as a whole (12.0 per cent). In 
general the rank of the states with reference to the 
proportion of children under 5 is about the same as 
their rank with reference to the proportion of children 
under 1. The greatest variations are found in New 
Mexico, which ranks sixth among the states in the 
percentage of children under 1 and only fourteenth in 
the percentage under 5; in Mississippi, ranking four- 
teenth and seventh, respectively: and in West Virginia, 
seventh and thirteenth, respectively. The significance 
of these proportions as indicative of the fecundity of 
the population of different classes and areas should 
not l>e overestimated. Other things being equal, the 
number of children in the population will vary, not 



43 



only with the infantile death rate, but also with the pro- 
portion of females in the population, the proportion of 
thos*e who are married, and the proportion of married 
women who are of child-bearing age. Accordingly, a 
more significant proportion is that of the numherof chil- 
dren in the population to the number of married women 
of child-bearing age. The presentation of such ratios. 
how ever, lies outside the -rope of the present study. 

Oth r nil. groups. — Adequate discussions of the popu- 
lation of military age, voting age. and school age will 
lie found in Twelfth Census. Vol. II. 

'11,, proportions of th. sexes in different ag< qroups. — 
The tables hitherto considered have show n the per cent 
of the total population of each sex who are in specified 
age groups. Table 44 shows the percentage thai the 
number of each sex foil!!, of the total population in 
specified groups. 

Table -i-i. — /'/ r cent of eacl 
groups, fo 






All known age? 

5 years. 
Under 1 year. 



15 to I" s ' :,,< 

■JH (o 24 years 

■ ... 

35 to 39 yi a 

• 

- 



.... in 69 yean 
rs.. 

75 i.i 79 years 

mi in 84 years... 
-'.' year- 

- re 

inn years and over . 



AGGREGATE. 



Per 



Per 



NATIVE 

WHITE. 









' 



19. I 

51.2 

111. 
41.1 



47.8 

17 3 

1- B 

M . I 
54.0 

61.4 



50.7 

19.9 

111. 7 

.... I 

7.1 I 

i 

18.0 

lis 



Per 
cent 






IJ. 4 

17. - 
19 



WHITE. 









Per 













■111. 7 


I 




49.6 




1'J. J 




50.1 




49.9 




49. 1 














17.4 














57 1 
















51.6 












54.3 
















17.1, 




52 l' 


17. s 


7>il 7 


51 :'. 


!8.8 




i- 7 


51.3 


46.7 


n n 


, , 


39, 1 


17. 1 










34 7 



male. 



50.2 
50.1 

51.1 
50.0 

IS I 
45. 7 

60.6 
60.6 
65.3 



The interpretation of the results shown in Table 44 
is closely dependent upon the fact- with reference to the 
proportion of the sexes at birth. The census obtains 
the total number of births by adding to the number of 

children reported as I old at the dal 

the census the number of deaths of children who, if 
they had survived, would have been less than a year 
old at the census date. For the registration area the 
deaths of children under 1 year an- abstracted from 
the state or city registration returns; tor bhe rest of 
the United States they are obtained by the census 
enumerators. The reports show that of all births in 
the United States during the twelve months preceding 
tin- taking of the census of 1900, 51.2 per cent were 
of males.' For the registration area the per cent is 
51.1. There is reason to believe that this percent is 



somewhat too low. In the states of Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, and Rhode Island the registration of 
births is fairly complete, anil what omissions there are 
may be supposed to be divided proportionately be- 
tween the sexes. The proportions that registered 
male births made of the total number of births in these 
states for the twelve months preceding the census were 
as follows: Massachusetts. 51.2; Connecticut, 51.7; 
Rhode Island, 51.7. The corresponding per cents as 
returned by the census were: Massachusetts. .Mi. 7: 
Connecticut. 51.0; Rhode Island. 51.0. It is probable 
that the true per cent for the United States is nearer 
52 than 51. Table 44 shows that in the native white 
and foreign white populations this excess of males 
over females continues for the first three quinquen- 
nial age groups, although the excess of male- in each 
of these groups, as well as among children less than 
a year old. is smaller than the excess of males in the 
total number of births. In the negro population, on 
other hand, there is tor children under 1 and in 
each of the first two quinquennial i ipsan excess 

of females over males. The explanation of these facts 
is found in the different infantile death rales of the 
- and of the different classes of the population. 
Of the total number of deaths of children less thi 
year old among the white population of the registration 

56.3 per cenl were of miles and i:\. 7 | 
were of females. Th ponding per cents for t 

colored population are 53.8 and 46.2. The death rate 
per 1. nun for white children under 1 in the fi 
tion area was 143.4, while the corresponding rate for 
colored children was 297. It is probable that on 
count of the overstatement of the ages of children under 
1 these death rale- are too high, the exaggeration In 
ater for colored children than for white. How- 
;. the fact that there are more females than males 
less than a year old in the colored population must be 
attributed to its excessive infantile death rate. 

Table 4."i shows the death rates of the sexe- in differ- 
ent age groups for the registration area. Tl 
rates can not be supposed to be accurate, but for 
the present purpose it is sufficient if they show 'lie 
relative death rates of the two sexes with approximate 
accuracy. 

Table 45. — Deaths at s " of «'»<e 

ion area: .' 





AGGREGATE. 


NATIVE FORI 
WHITE. WHITE. 


COLORED. 






Fe- 
males. 


'' Fe 
M^-lmales. 


Males. 


males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Onder 1 year 

Under 5 year- 


-!. 1 


146.8 
47.5 

4. J 
6.1 

20 , 

-J i 


4.0 

5.7 

11.7 11.7 

10 : 16.8 

78.0 


161.2 

s. 1 
1 ! 3 
28 ii 
93.1 


33 2 
3.6 

5.1 

7.i 


9.2 
18.2 

71 . 7, 

7.-.., 


339. 7 
110.2 

III.'. 


17. i" 24 years 

i '.ears 

35 to 44 years 



, iver . .- 


11. 1 

15. ti 

34.6 
100.3 



44 



It is evident that the facts as to death rales shown 
in Table 45 ran not explain the facts shown in Table 
44. According to Table 45 the death rate, of the aggre- 
gate population in every age group is higher for males 
than for females. This seeming inconsistency is due 
t<> the fact that the registration area is not fairly repre- 
sentative of continental United States as a whole, since 
it contains a disproportionately large urban population. 
In the registration area 59 per cent of the population 
are iii cities of over 8,000 population, and 41) per cent 
are in cities of over 100,000 population. The corre- 
sponding per cents for continental United States are 
31 and 19. Table 46 shows the death rates of the two 
sexes, classified by aye periods, for the population of 
the rural parts of registration states (including all towns 
and cities of less than 8,000 population). 

Table 40. — Deaths at specified ages per 1,000 population qfsamt ages 
for tli,' ruralparts of registration states: 1900. 





AGGREGATE. 


NATIVE 

WHITE. 


FOREIGN 
WHITE. 


COLOREH. 




Males. 


Fe- 
males. 

103. C 
31.2 
3.2 
5.3 
7.3 
8.2 
15.1 
73.6 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Males 


Fe- 


Under 5 yeara 


131.0 
37.6 

3.2 
5.2 

6.4 

7.8 
16.0 
80 


129. 5 
37.3 
3.1 
5.1 

6.6 

7.7 

15.1 

80.1 


102.3 
30.8 

:;. i 
5.3 
7.4 
8.0 
14. 8 
72.5 


106. S 
26. 9 
4.1 
5.2 
5.4 
8.3 
is.;t 
79. 7 


121.9 
27.3 
:; 3 
5.0 
6. 9 
S.7 
17.0 
77. 1 


246.9 

711 6 
5. 6 
6.11 
8.4 
9.6 

211. 6 
79. 8 


191.4 

63. 6 
6.4 


15 to 24 i ears 

25 to 34 \ ears 


9.5 
10 ii 
13. 5 


: t years 

65 j ears and over - - 


22. 5 

us, 9 



Table 4<1 shows that in the rural districts, through- 
out the period of middle life, the mortality of males is 
less than that of females. 

This throws light on the results shown in Table 44. 
In the native while population there are more males 
than females in each group below 15 years, but owing 
to the higher death rate of males in the period of child- 
hood and youth the groups of 15 to L9 and 20 to 24 years 
show an excess of females. During the period of mid- 
dle life the higher death rate of females in the rural 
districts seems to overbalance the higher urban death 
rate of males, for each of the age groups between 25 
and 75 years contains more males than females. In 
the period of old age the mortality of males is greater 
than that of females in both cities and rural districts, 
so that the age groups composed of the years of life 
above 75 show a marked excess of females, this excess 
increasing as age advances. 

In the colored population the higher death rate of 
females begins at an earlier age than in the native 
white population, so that the group in to 14 years 
in the negro population (which constitutes 96.2 per 
cent of the colored population of continental United 
States) contains more males than females. With the 



exception of the group 30 to 34 years, in which the 
numbers of the two sexes an 1 approximately equal, each 
group between 15 and 45 years contains more females 
than males. In view of the fact that the negro popu- 
lation is preeminently a rural population (only L2.9 per 
cent of the negro population of continental United States 
living in cities of over 25, Out) inhabitants, as against 27. 7 
per cent for the white population), it seems difficult to 
explain this excess of females in early middle life. All 
the registration states, with the exception of the District 
of Columbia, are in the North Atlantic or North Cen- 
tral divisions, and it is quite possible that the small 
colored population in these states is not fairly repre- 
sentative of the large negro population of the South. 
However, examination of the returns for the nonregis- 
tration area does not clear up the difficulty, for in each 
quinquennial age group between 10 and 50 years more 
deaths of females than of males are reported for the 
colored population. 1 These returns are admittedly in- 
complete, but there is no a priori reason to suspect that 
the error is a biased one. It may be thought that the 
death rates of 1900 are not fairly representative of 
those of past years, which have been the factors in 
shaping the present age and sex constitution of the 
negro population. An examination of the returns for 
the censuses of 1890 and 1880, however, shows that 
there has been no marked change in the age and sex 
distribution of the mortality of the colored population. 2 
The population and mortality returns seem in this par- 
ticular to be irreconcilable. It is possible that during 
the period of middle life the deaths of females are re- 
ported more accurately than those of males. 

The proportion of the sexes in the foreign white 
population in different age groups depends on the rela- 
tive numbers of the two sexes among the immigrants 
of various ages, as well as upon their relative death 
rates. In view of this fact it is remarkable that the re- 
sults presented for the foreign white population shown 
in Table 44 show so small a deviation from those for the 
native white population. The excess of males in the 
total foreign white population is greater than in the 
total native white population, but this greater excess is 
confined to that part of the foreign white population 
which is in the age periods comprising the years of life 
above '25. The majority of the foreign white popu- 
lation, as of the native white population, in the groups 
15 to i'.' and 20 to 24 years are females. 

The sex distribution of the population in different 
age groups for cities and rural districts is shown in 
Table 47. 

62 and 63. 

Part J. litres 15to20; Tenth 
page xxxii. 



'Twelfth Census, Vol. IV, pages 65 

! Eleventh Census, Vital Statistics, 

Census, Vital Statistics, Tart 1, page J 



45 



Table 47. — Per cent distribution, by sex, of population of specified 
age in cities having at least 100,000 inhabitants, in cities having 
between ?S,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, and in smaller cities and 
rural districts, for continental ' hited States: 1900. 



AGE PERIOD. 



All known ages 

Under 5 years 

Under 1 year ... 
1 to 4 years 

5 to 9 years 

In t<> 14 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 ti> 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 vears'and over 



IN CITIES MAV- 
IS'; AT I I \- J 

100, ( N- 

HABITANTS. 



Per 

Ci n' 

male 



49.7 



50. 3 
60.5 
50. 3 

5(1. 1 

I'M' 

17.:; 
I', 5 
19. 1 
51.6 

52. 6 
51.1 
48. '.' 
44.9 



Per 

cent 

female, 



50.3 



49.7 
49.5 
49. 7 

49. 9 
50.4 
52. 7 
53. 5 
50.9 
IV 1 
47.4 
IS 9 
51 . 1 
55. 1 



IN CITIES HAV- 
ING BE- 
TWEEN 25,- 
000 AND 100,- 
000 INHABIT- 
ANTS. 



Pel 

cent 
male. 



49.7 



50.3 
50.3 
50.3 

50.0 
49.2 
47.3 
47.0 
49.6 
51.6 
52.3 
51 :: 
48.7 
45.2 



Per 

cent 

female 



50.3 



49.7 
49.7 
49.7 

50.0 
50.8 
52. 7 
53.0 
50.4 
48.4 
17.7 
48.7 
51.3 
54. 8 



N SMALLER 
CITIES A N D 
RURAL DIS- 
TRICTS. 



Per 
cent 
male. 



Per 

cent 
female. 



51.5 



50.6 

50. (', 
50.6 

50.6 
50.8 
50.4 
50.5 
51.7 
52. 5 
53.1 
53.9 
52. 4 
52. 



8.5 



49.4 
49.4 
49.4 

49. 4 
49. 2 
49. 6 
49.5 
48.3 
47.5 
16, 9 
46.1 
47. 6 
48.0 



In every group of the age classification used in Table 
47 there are, in "smaller cities and rural district-." 
more males than females. If the period of 65 years and 
over, however, could be subdivided into smaller groups, 
it is quite certain that more females than males would be 
found in the groups comprising the more advanced ages. 
In cities there are more females than males in each of the 
groups of age between 10 and 30 years and in each of the 
groups for 55 years and over. This difference between 
the constitution of the population of cities and rural 
districts is due partly to differences in the numbers and 
ages of male and female migrants from the rural dis- 
tricts to the cities, and partly to differences in rural and 
urban death rates. Table 48 shows the death rates of 
the population in specified age groups for the registra- 
tion cities not in registration states. These cities are 
selected because they are more characteristically urban 
than the cities in registration states. All places of 
more than 8,000 inhabitants in which sufficiently accu- 
rate records of deaths are kept are " registration cities," 
but 70 per cent of the population of such of these cities 



as are not in registration states are in cities of more than 
100,000 inhabitants. 

Table 4S. — Deaths at spt cified ages per 1,000 of the aggregate popula- 
tion ofsami ages, classified by sex, for registration cities mil in regis- 
tration states : 1900. 



SEX. 


Under 
1 year. 


Under 
5 years. 


5 to 14 
years'. 


15 to 24 
years. 


25 to 34 
years. 


35t,,44 

years. 


45 to 64 
years. 


65 

years 

and 

over. 




194.0 
156. 


60.4 
50.8 


5.2 
4.9 


s. 1 
6.9 


10.8 


14.4 


28. 9 

21. 6 


103.8 


Females 


9.1 


11.4 


88.7 



Upon a comparison of the rates shown in Table 48 
with those shown in Table 46 for the aggregate popula- 
tion of the rural parts of registration states, it appears 
that for each age group the death rate is higher in cities 
than in rural districts. Moreover, in cities the mortality 
of males is greater than that of females for every age 
group, while in the rural districts the death rate of 
females, as already mentioned, is higher than that of 
males for the years of life between 15 and 45. The 
higher death rate of males accounts, in part at least, 
for the fact that in the urban population between 
the ages of In and 20 there are more females than 
males. However, the differences between the death 
rates of the two sexes for the age groups comprising 
the years of life between 5 and 35 are so slight that 
this excess of females suggests that women between 15 
and 25 years old migrate to the cities in greater num- 
bers than do men of corresponding ages. Our statis- 
tics do not afford any absolute proof of this theory. 
In Europe, however, it is indisputably a fact. 1 

Notwithstanding the fact that the differences between 
the mortality of males and females in cities are greater 
for the period 35 to 64 years than for the period 5 to 
34 years, males are more numerous than females in the 
groups 30 to 34, 35 to 44, and 45 to 54 years. This fact 
can be explained only on the supposition that more 
males than females among persons of adult age migrate 
from the country to the city. 

1 Biicher, "Ueber die Yerteilunjj der beiden Geschlechter auf 
der Erde," Allgemeines Statistiches Archiv, Vol. II, page 369 ff. 



APPENDIX A. 



THE ADJUSTMENT OE THE RETURNS. 



For most of the purposes to which census age returns are put, 
groups of five, ten, or more years are sufficiently detailed, and the 
discussion of the subject of errors has shown that such groups, 
when formed with due attention to the nature of the errors in the 
returns, may be supposed to represent the actual age constitution 
of the population with reasonable accuracy. It may happen, 
however, that for some purposes — such as the construction of a 
life table — it becomes necessary to know the number of persons 
in a given year of life. In such cases the errors in the returns 
stand in the way of satisfactory results. For this reason attempts 
have been made in various countries to modify the census returns 
in such a way as to eliminate as many of these errors as possible. 

In some ways the problem is similar to that with which actu- 
aries have to deal in the construction of life tables based on the 
experience of life insurance companies. On the other hand, how- 
ever, there is adistinct difference between the two problems. The 
errors in the unadjusted life tables are accidental errors arising 
from paucity of observations; that is, they would be eliminated if 
the number of observations were indefinitely large. The errors in 
the census age tables are systematic errors and take certain definite 
forms. The formulas employed in the adjustment of life tables are 
usually based on the theory of errors, and consequently can not be 
applied to the census returns, for until known errors are elimi- 
nated the law of error is not applicable. This point is mentioned, 
because in several instances formula- based on the theory of errors 
have been used in the adjustment of census age returns. 1 

The thing to be desired in an adjustment of the age returns is a 
smooth series that will adhere as closely as possible to the facts. 
The aim should be to eliminate irregularities caused by misstate- 
ment of age, while retaining those corresponding to actual irregu- 
larities in the age constitution of the population. An accurate 
selection of this kind is, of course, impossible, but it should be 
noted that (in a graphic representation of the age returns) real 
irregularities would usually take the form of flexures covering a 

1 For a list of such adjustments, as w ell as a general treatment of 
the subject under discussion, see an article by the present writer 
on "The adjustment of census age returns." in the Western 
Reserve University Bulletin, November, 1902. 



period of several terms of the series, while the irregularities caused 
by errors are more likely to appear as angular deflections, corre- 
sponding to abnormal values of single terms. It has already been 
shi iwn that groups of terms are more liable to be accurate than are 
single terms, and especially is this the case when the groups are 
so constituted that the probability of the equality of positive and 
negative errors is a maximum. To obtain the closest agreement 
with the facts such groups should contain as few terms as consider- 
ations of accuracy will permit. The discussion of age groups has 
shown that the quinquennial groups in which the lowest year is 
a multiple of 5 tit these conditions as closely as any others. 
Hence, in the present adjustment, it has been thought best to 
retain the different quinquennial groups intact, and simply to 
redistribute the numbers at the various ages within each group. 
The fact that the groups containing multiples of 10 are some- 
what larger, relatively, than groups containing odd multiples 
of 5 leads to some irregularities in the adjusted series, but 
it has been thought that these are more than counterbalanced by 
the advantages of the agreement of corresponding groups of terms 
of the adjusted and unadjusted series. The method of adjustment 
used has been adapted from that used in the English census. 
Intermediate values were interpolated by the method of differ- 
ences in the -cries log Q^ log Q l0 , log Q 16 , log Q ao , etc., in which 
ij represents the number reported at and above the age x. After 
the adjusted numbers at and above each age had been found in 
tin- manner, the number at each age was obtained by subtrac- 
tion. A separate interpolation was made for each sex of the 
native white population of native parents, the native white popu- 
lation of foreign parents, the foreign white population, and the 
colored population. The results for both sexes, for the native 
white population, and for the aggregate population, were then 
obtained by the proper additions. For the groups 5 to 9, 90 to 94, 
and 95 to 99 Newton's coefficients were used, while Bessel's coeffi- 
cients were used for all the other groups. In both formulas five 
orders of differences were used. The ages under 5 were not included 
in this adjustment, because the mortality in the first few years of 
life is so high that an adjustment of these years based on the pro- 
gression of the Q, series taken at quinquennial intervals would 

: the facts. 

147) 



48 



Adjustt d "</' s of the population classifii d fty s< a?, ract . 





kG 1 ! 


AGGREGATE. 


NATIVE WHITE. 




Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


i 


Females. 


1 




75,994,575 


38,816,448 


57,178.127 


(.595,379 


28,686,450 


27,90 1 






•> 


1,916,892 
7,25 


3,664,355 


947, 635 
3,589,381 


1,661,005 
6,201 


8 12,221 

5,142,667 


R18.784 

3,063.911 


3 








4 


1,768,078 
1,830 332 
1,824,312 
1,831,014 

8,874,123 


893, 2113 

925 160 
920, 335 

4,479.396 


874,815 

905, 072 
903, 977 

9(15,517 

4,394,727 


1.521 536 
1.555 , 15 

1,559 

1,561.399 

7.491,134 


770, 755 
791,936 
789 ' ■ 

790,5-1 
.,788,622 


750. 781 

771,509 

77 ; 

770,818 

3.702,512 


s 




' 




7 




R 








9 


1,801,004 
1,804,1 15 

1,787,1119 
1,768,605 
1,723,350 

8,080 


'. ,536 

907, 644 
904,428 
891,745 
.87:,, 043 

4,0,83,1111 


900, 168 
B96 .01 
382 .9] 
866,860 
848,307 

3,997, 195 


1,5(12,759 

1,533,296 

1,500 -oil 

1,464,882 

1,429.301 

6, 647, 673 


785,654 

774,07,8 
760, 355 

725 525 

3,361,671 


777,105 
759,218 
710.541 
721.-70 
703, 778 

3,286,002 


III 




1 1 




1 • 




IS 




14 


10 to 14 years 






IS 


1,675,884 
1,643,425 
1,616,163 
1,588,650 

1 . 556, 1 12 

7,556,089 


8 19, 18 1 
832,569 
816,51 1 

-mi. 542 

3,750, 15] 


825 100 

-IK 8 16 

799,619 
7--., LOS 
772, 180 

3,805,538 


1,394,324 

1,7,5(1, 035 
1,329, 169 

1,298,853 
1,265,001 

5,981,443 


706, 763 

5-9. 

(172, 1911 
555, 197 
638 359 

2, 981 1. 709 


6,-7,551 
671,020 
1157,275. 
643. 356 
626, 792 

2,994,734 


Hi 




17 




18 




M 




•m 








°1 


1,549,050 
1,504,562 
1,513, 199 

1.517,980 
1,471,292 

7,335,016 


7(17.207 
7 16,343 
7 >i 706 
744,2,87 
731,908 

3,624,580 


781,8 19 
748,219 
762, 493 

775,1,95 
739, 384 

3, 710, 436 


1,257,352 

1,203,8114 
1,197,181 
1,187,923 
1,135,120 

5, 11.5, 302 


535.753 
509, 758 
597, 578 
5-5,11,53 
570,502 

2,689,295 


633. 564 
594.106 
599. 606 
602,840 
564,618 

2.726,267 






■-. 




■>4 




ffl 




■•■; 


o 24 years 






?7 


1,501,839 
1, 191,(144 
1,468,846 
1, 144,638 
1,428,049 

6, 529, 441 


738. 742 

733,33:, 
723,881 
717.318 
709, 104 

3,323,543 


755,097 
758, 109 

712,9(5. 
727, 320 
718, 945 

3, 205, 898 


1,132,818 
1,111,113 
1,083,884 

1,056.072 
1,031,675 

4, 665, 751 


561,816 
550, 172 
538, 268 
525, 937 
513, 102 

2, 353, 361 


571,002 
560, 941 

545,616 
530,135 

,515.573 

2,312,390 


?8 




.,,, 




311 




31 




::• 


25 to 29 years 






33 


1,387.321 
1,34,8,325 
1,305,117 
1,262,931 
1,225,747 

5,556,039 


698, 628 
682, 798 
664,643 
646, 676 
630,798 

2, 901, 321 


688, 693 
665, 527 
640, 474 
616, 255 
594, 949 

2,654,718 


1, 003, 748 
969, 453 
932, 411 

595.290 
863, 849 

3,830,761 


504,134 
487,971 
470, 384 
453, 177 
437, 695 

1,958,744 


499,614 
181,482 

462, 027 
443,113 
426. 154 

1,872,017 


34 




■;:, 




■in 




37 




35 


30 to 34 years 






39 


1.173.097 
1,138,972 
1,111,668 
1,083,540 
1,048,762 

4, 964, 781 


608, 377 
592, 734 
580, 734 
568, 074 
551.402 

2, 616, 865 


564,720 
546, 238 
530, 934 
515, 466 
497, 360 

2, 347, 916 


823,881 

792, 289 
755, -8,; 
739. 496 
709,209 

3, 283, 009 


419, 790 
404,609 
391, 685 
378, 711 
363, 949 

1,687,544 


404,091 
387,680 
374,201 
360, 785 
345,260 

1,595,465 


40 




41 




1" 




43 




44 








45 


1,041,370 

1,018,521 

994,692 

969,033 

941,165 

4,247,166 


547, 278 
536, 066 
524,390 
511,637 

197, 494 

2, 255, 916 


494,092 
482, 455 
470, 302 
457, 396 
443,671 

1,991,250 


689, 564 
671,343 
658, 101 
643,021 
620, 980 

2, 886, 031 


353,503 
344.529 
338, 345 
331,132 
320, 035 

1,497,876 


336, 061 
326,814 
319, 756 
311,889 
300, 945 

1,388,155 


46 




47 




4H 




49 




5(1 








SI 


915,642 
883, 678 
851,008 
813, 558 

783, 280 

3, 454, 612 


485, 420 
469, 071 

452,939 
431.731 

416, 755 
1,837,836 


430, 222 
414, 607 
398, 069 
381,827 
366, 525 

1,616,776 


030 813 
601,661 
579, 073 
551,522 
532, 962 

2, 265, 458 


321,155 
311,820 
301, 492 
285, 978 
277, 431 

1,183,506 


299, 658 
289, 841 
277, 581 
265, 544 
255, 531 

1,081,952 


59 




.Ml 




;.i 




55 




:.rl 








57 


739,734 
712, 045 
690, 538 
670, 526 
641,769 

2, 942, 829 


392,966 

378,5(19 
367, 159 
357.471 
341.731 

1,564,622 


346, 768 
333, 536 
323, 379 
313,055 

3(1(1,113,8 

1,378,207 


495, 692 
472, 324 
451,790 
433, 855 
411,797 

1,830,589 


258. 174 
246, 414 
235, 791 
227, 432 

215,595 

955, 956 


237, 518 
225,910 
215, 999 
206, 423 
196.102 

874,633 


58 




59 




fin 




61 




IV 








fi3 


642, 418 
618, U6 
588, 278 
558,816 
534,901 

2,211,172 


343, 466 
330, 080 
312, 669 
295, 774 

2-2,353 

1,145,257 


298,9 

288, 336 
275, 609 
263, 042 

252, 258 

1,065,915 


402, 9S8 
385, 101 
365, 735 
346, 846 
329, 919 

1,378.211 


212, 083 
202, 200 

190.577 
179, 964 

170,832 

694,994 


190,905 
182, 901 
171,85s 

166, 552 

159.087 

683, 220 


M 




65 




fir, 




67 




68 








69 


486, 976 
461,194 
442, 372 
422,941 
397, 689 


254, 523 
239, 725 
228, 936 
218,002 
204,071 


232, 453 
221,469 
213, 436 
204, 939 
193,618 


305, 646 

289. 128 
275, 537 
261,856 
246. 047 


15,5,705 
115,251 
138,811,8 
131,406 
122, 791 


149.938 

112.8 17 
136, 729 
130. 450 
123, 256 


7(1 


56 years 


71 




7? 




73 





1 Not adjusted 



49 



and nativity, for Continental United States: 1900. 



NATIVE WHITE— NATIVE PARENTS. 


NATIVE WHITE — FOREIGN PARENTS. 


OEEIGN WHITE. 


RED. 




Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females 


Total. 






Total. 


Males. ' Females. 




40,949,362 


20,8 19 B47 


20.099,515 


15,646,017 


7,836,603 


7.S09.414 


10. 213, "17 


5,51 


. 


9,185,379 


4.614.713 




1 


1,157,534 
4,307,347 


587, 815 
2, 185, 386 


569, 719 
2,121,961 


503, 471 
1,899,23] 


254, 406 

957,281 941,950 


48,367 


2.017 
2 1,. 7.70 


1,985 

23.S17 


2.71, "S3 

998, 791 


125,019 
497, 138 





2 

i 


1,067,983 

1,087,237 
1.1174,499 
1.077.62s 

5,174,220 


541,787 
551,514 
544.814 
547,27] 

2,623,791 


526, 196 

:.:::.. 723 
529,68 i 
530,357 

2,550,429 


153,553 
176,508 
185,399 

2,316,914 


228. 96s 

240, 122 

243, 310 

1,164 831 


224,585 

2 10. SIS 
21", 16,1 

1,152,083 


. 

!.'• ■ 

147,192 


5, 117. 

". 117 
73, 727 


3,700 

5,224 

6, 785 

-, 108 

73, 465 


2"", 352 
1,23.7,737 


lis. .76,3 
127.911 
124, 163 

126.. 701 

617.047 


126, 591 
618,750 


A 
t 
( 

t 


1 . 1177, 152 
1,056,756 
1, 035, 242 
1,013, 173 

'.(■11 '-'.17 
l 660,390 


541,404 
,34,1 91 
526. 054 
616, 150 
505, 192 

2,364,797 


535, 748 
522, 065 
509,18" 
197,223 
480.205 

2, 295. 593 


485, 607 
17,., 540 

451.509 

1,98; 


244,250 

- 

996,874 


241,357 
237, 153 

'1 .:i 




9 

22,313 
31.7 il 

44, 677 

311,565 


3,194 

16,191 
20, 267 

157,632 


6,374 

11,, ,, 

21,288 

153. 933 


228,677 

251, "311 

1,120 


ill, 688 

123, ""3 

127,879 

12.". 466 


116,989 
125, 653 
17 1,50 

126.36 1 
123.241 


c 
11 
1 

i: 

i 

l 


971,278 
950,6 A 
932, 233 
913,582 
392 643 

4,234,953 


183,276 
172,967 
162,637 
451,926 

2,122,635 


177,287 

'■,. • 

, a 
150 94 

llli 717 

2,112,318 


123,046 

409, 372 
397,236 

385. 271 

:7J 3 ■- 

1,746,490 


212,772 
15,730 
199,229 
[92 ...i 
186 283 

864,0' : 


210,271 
19". 007 

192,411 

186 07 7 

882, Hi. 


46.771 
62,47] 

77. 70 
561.746 


24, 131 

77,671 

31,59 . 

35. 46.7 

38,787 

271, 381 


22, 640 
26.231 
30, "76, 
3.7.423 

38,763 
290, 365 


234,789 

229, 71 1 
221.223 

218,909 
213,561 

1,012, 00 


118,590 

11.7,909 
112.723 

109,580 

10,1.936 


116, 199 
113, 605 

111,500 

106, 625 
520, 539 


l 
l 
l 
i 
l 

2 


893,330 
848,229 
847, 188 
844,6110 
801,226 

3,805 609 


442, 401 
133, 163 
424,657 
115,991 
406, 123 

1,903,864 


450,929 

415,066 

122,831 
I2S.6S9 

394.803 

1,901,745 


364, 022 

355 63 - 
349, 696 
343.243 
333, 894 

1,609,953 


181,387 

176.. 795 
172, 921 
169,092 
16,1,079 

785, 131 


182,635 

179,010 
1 76, 775 
1,1 1 ,1 
169,815 

B24, >22 


-i. 

98, 255 
112,86 : 
126,914 
136,960 

919, 182 


12, 288 
17,717 

54, 187 

61.226 

65,863 

456, 186 


44, 466 
50, 738 
58,376 
65,688 
71, 097 

463, 296 


20 1,9.70 
202, 1 13 
203. 152 
203. 143 
199, 212 

999, .'72 


101,131 

99, 06S 
98,641 

97.97" 


103, 819 
103, 375 
104, 511 
105, 165 
103,669 


2 

2 
2 
2 

2 

2 


802,231 

7*3, 131 
760, 983 

738, S16 
720, 148 

3,208,642 


loo.ooi 
390,946 
380,765 
370,631 
361,461 

1,634,867 


402,170 
392, 185 
380,218 

36s, 1"., 
37.8,687 

1.573,775 


330, 587 
327,682 

322.901 
317.256, 
311,527 

1,457,109 


16,1.7.75 
159, 226 
157,503 
155,306 
151,641 

71". 194 


168, 332 

16", 156 

161.950 

159,886 

73", ,,1 . 


159,684 
173,524 
184,786 

195, 197 

206,291 

1,09 


77, 107 
84,640 
91,699 

9", 297 
104.447. 

589,521 


82, .777 
88,884 

96, :»i" 

101,848 
507, 708 


209, 337 

200, 176 

19 69 

190.0":; 

766, 461 


99. 319 
98, 723 
95,914 

93.0"! 
91,. 779 

880,661 


109, .71" 

108,284 

104,262 
100,285 
98, 524 

385,800 


2 
2 

•. 

3 
3 

3 


690,693 
666, 909 
640,886 
616,747 

594, 408 

2, 659, 360 


349. 425 
388,223 

326, 680 
315, 455 
305, 084 

1,372,529 


341,268 

327,686 
311.205 
301,292 
289, 324 

1,286,831 


313.055 
303, 544 

291.526 
279,543 
269, 441 

1,171,401 


154, 709 

149, 748 
143, 704 
137, 722 
132, 611 

586,215 


I ,.; 7'... 
147, S22 
141,821 
136, 830 

,- . !-, 


209, 240 

215, 147 
220, 208 

22 1 , 51 1" 

228, 126 
1,178,683 


109, 174 

111,046 
11", 131 
122,290 
125, 577 

660, 702 


100,066 
101,101 
101,771 
102, 218 
102,549 

512, 981 


174, 333 
163,725 

152, 498 
142, 133 
133, 772 

551,595 


85, 320 
B0, 78] 

7.7, "2.7 

71,209 

67,526 

281, 875 


89, 013 
82,944 
76, 673 

70. 924 

66.246, 

269, 720 


3 
3 
: 

3 
3 

3 


,.7,,.::ss 
549,505 
531,373 
513. 653 
494, 441 

2, 299, 571 


293, 394 
283,260 

274,305 
265,512 
256, 058 

1,192,071 


276, 994 
266,245 
257,068 

248, 141 
■.Ms. 383 

1,107,500 


253,493 
242, 784 
234, 513 

225. si:: 
214, 768 

983,438 


126,396 
121,349 

117.380 
113,199 
107,891 

495, 473 


127.097 
121,135 
117,133 
112.641 
106, 877 

487, 965 


229,0] 1 

233, 18] 
235. 6,03 
237.183 
238,702 

1, 177,566 


127, 490 
130, 170 
132. 733 
134,685 
135, 624 

672,804 


101, 624 
103,011 
102,870 

102, 19" 
103, 078 

504, 762 


120,202 
113.502 
110,179 
106, 861 

11,0, -.,,1 

504,206 


61,097 
67,955 
56,316 
54,678 
51,829 

256, 517 


59. 105 
55, 547 
63, 863 
52, 183 
49,022 

247, 689 


? 
4 
1 
4 

1 


479, 973 
468, 197 
460, 438 
451,968 
438,995 

2, 104, 551 


248. 401 
242, 192 
238,724 

234.544 
227,910 

1,096,825 


231,572 
225,705 

221.714 
217, 424 
211.085 

1,007,726 


209, 591 
203, 146 
197, 663 
191,053 
181,985 

781, 480 


105, 102 
102,037 
99, 621 
96,588 
92,125 

401,051 


104, 489 
101,109 
98, oi2 
94,465 

89,860 

380, 429 


244 788 

212.397 
235, 728 
229,015 
225, 690 

966, 112 


139,089 
138, 127 
134,756 
131,284 
129, 548 

557,300 


105, 649 
104,268 
100.972 
97,731 
96. 142 

408, 812 


li,7,"6," 
104.783 
100, 863 
96,997 
94, 495 

395, 023 


54, 686 
53, 410 
51,289 
49, 221 
47,911 

200,740 


52, 382 
51,373 
49, 574 
47, 776 
46, 584 

194, 283 


4 

4 
4 

4 

4 

6 


441,543 
432, 701 
421.441 
409, 734 
399, 132 

1,787,607 


229, 554 
225, 22 1 
219, 709 
213, 887 
208, 451 

937, 254 


211,989 
207, 177 
201.732 
195.817 
190, 681 

850,353 


179, 270 
168, 960 

157,632 
141, 788 
l 13 530 

477.851 


91,601 
86,596 
81,783 

72,091 

68,980 

246,252 


S7.669 
82, 364 
75,849 
69, 697 
64,850 

231.599 


209, 161 
200, 344 
192, 979 
185,809 
177, 819 

840, 220 


121, 112 
116, 034 
111,298 
106.715 
102, 141 

468, 466 


88,049 
84,310 
81,681 
79,094 
75, 678 

371,754 


85,668 
81,673 
78,956 

76. 227 
72, 499 

348, 934 


43, 153 
41,217 
40, 149 
39,038 
37, 183 

186, 864 


42,515 
40, 456 
38,807 

37 I"" 
35, 316 

163, 070 


5 

6 

5 
5 
5 

5 


378, 463 
366. 901 
357.381 
349,255 
335, 607 

1,551,811 


197. S4S 
192, 124 
187, 126 

183, 785 
176, 371 

811,724 


180, 615 
174,777 
170, 255 
165. 470 
159,236 

740,087 


117.229 
105, 423 
94. 409 
S4.600 
76.190 

278,778 


60, 326 
54,290 

48, 665 
43, 617 
39, 324 

144,232 


56. 903 
51,133 
15,744 
40,953 

::,. 866 

134,546 


172, 499 
169, 203 
168, 592 
167, 281 
162. 645 

803, 392 


97. 348 
94, 806 
93, 950 
92, 742 
89,620 

440,079 


75, 151 
74,397 
74,642 
74,539 
73,025 

363, 313 


71,543 
70, 518 
70, 156 
69,390 
67, 327 

308, 848 


37, 444 
37,289 

37.418 
37,297 
36, 416 

168, 5S7 


34,099 
33, 229 
32, 738 
32,093 

30.911 

140, 261 


a 

5 

7 
1 

e 


335, 182 
324, 138 
310, 554 
296, 922 
285,015 

1,204,610 


177, 009 
170, 653 
162, 323 
154, 140 
147,699 

605,625 


15S, 173 
153. 485 
148. 231 
142.782 
137.416 

598, 985 


67. 806 
60, 963 

55,1 si 
49, 924 
44.904 

173, 604 


35, 074 
31,547 
28,554 
25,824 

23. 233 

89, 369 


32,732 
29. 116 
26, 627 
24. 100 
21.6.71 

84,235 


169, 269 
166,410 
161,058 
155, 146 
151,209 

643,003 


93, 322 
91, 451 
88,199 
84,833 
82,274 

345,241 


75, 947 
71,9.79 
72. S.79 
70. 613 
68,935 

297. 762 


70, 161 
66, 905 
61, 185 

56, 724 
53, 773 

189, 955 


3", 961 

36,429 
33, 593 
30, 977 
29, 527 

ln.7.,,22 


32. 100 
30.476 
27,892 

25, .547 
24, 246, 

84,933 


■ 
, 

: 


264,339 
261,446 
241,045 
230, 341 

217, 439 


134, 312 
126,834 
121, 065 
115,242 
108, 142 


129, 997 
124, 612 
119,980 
115, 099 
109, 297 


41,307 
37, 682 
34, 492 
31,515 

28, 60S 


21,366 
19,447 
17,743 
16,164 
14,649 


19,941 
18,235 
16, 749 

15.351 
13, 959 


138. OS", 

132,864 
128, 876 

124.473 
I 118.101 


75, 172 
71, 685 
69, 143 
6 
62,804 


63,517 
6.1,179 
59, 733 
58,036 
55,297 


42,6.41 
39, 202 
37,959 
36, 612 
33, ,11 


23,,,13 
21,7.79 

20,985 
20, 159 
18, 476 


18, 99s 
17,443 
16,974 
16, 453 
15, 065 


- 



50 



Adjusted ages of tlu population classified by sex, race, and 





iGE I 


AGGREGATE. 


NATIVE WHITE. 




Total. 


Males. 


Females. 




Males. 


Female 






1.7'.' 1 ' 




S7I, 196 


1,075,627 


539. 430 








-- 


394,987 

339 772 

1,302,926 


10 ■ r, i 

183,863 
173,977 


L92, 113 
184,380 

166 15 

... ■,. 


23s, 772 
226,970 

215. 125 

1 132 


119. 605 
113,711 
Ills. (173 
102,206 
95,836 

395,274 


115 1.. 

113 
[01 

llll. 322 

g . ii-. 


76 

77 

7s 
7" 
















M 


297,371 

27.x, SI 7 
200, 859 
242 935 

■223,4 14 

683,841 


152.476 
142,719 

133. 707 

124. 421 

114,343 
149,609 


1 14,895 

127, 162 
lis. .ill 
109,101 

434,232 


179,678 
168,061 
156,943 

145.741 
134,142 

52.5. 772 


90 169 
84,681 
79,109 

75, 161 
67,664 

263, 590 


89 209 

77,834 
72 290 

2112,182 


8" 




8 1 

65 














R7 


208,972 
192,464 
176,855 
161,032 

114,. 518 


106,573 
98,040 

89, 995 
81 , 794 
73, 207 

261 , 579 


102,399 
94, 424 
86,860 
79, 238 
71,311 

258,278 


123, 818 
114,053 

105,232 
96,219 

v,;. i ,ii 

318.. Mil 


112,297 
57,296 

52,75 1 
48,118 
43,115 


61,521 
56,757 

52,411,8 

48,101 

151 153 


SS 




8q 




'in 




91 








93 

SI 

95 
96 

47 




130,101 
116 409 
103 504 
91,123 
78,660 

251,512 


65,906 
5S 824 
62,050 
16,634 

122.273 


64.255 

51, 154 
45, 489 
39, 195 

129,239 


79.214 
71,269 
63 548 
56, 1 18 
48,625 

155, 642 


35, 312 
31, 338 
27, 613 

25, 751 
74, 697 


39,890 

5... (157 

32,210 
24,861 

. 80, 945 










1 








qq 


68,649 
58,650 
19 131 

41 , 080 
33, 702 

88,600 


33,846 
28,700 
23,987 
19, 741 
15,999 

40,742 


34, 803 
29,950 
25, 1 1 1 
21,339 
17,703 

47, 858 


42.095 
36, 118 
30,742 
25,702 

211,1185 

55, 860 


20,522 

17. 172 
14,722 
12, 168 

11, 813 

25,036 


21,573 
18,646 
16,020 

15. 5.1 
11 172 

30, 82 1 


urn 












ins 




104 








105 
Iflfi 




27, 184 
21,544 
16,811 
13, 022 
10, 039 

23, 992 


12, 805 
10, 007 
7,671 
5, 833 
4,426 

9,858 


1 1,3711 

11,537 

9, 1 in 

7,1 Ml 

5,618 

14,134 


17 271 
13,699 
10,623 
8, : 19 
6,148 

12, 998 


7. 922 
6,193 
4.731 
3 .. : 
2,636 

5 268 


9,5 15 
1...I . 

3,51 

7.75H 




107 












110 








in 


7,537 
5, 722 
4,408 
3, 478 
2,847 

6,266 


3,267 
2,415 
1,795 
1,347 
1,034 

2,417 


1,270 

3.31 17 
2,613 
2,131 
1,813 

3,849 


4, 551 
3,299 
2,352 

1 . 1.51 

1 115 

2 ::<■'■ 


1.902 
1,348 

543 
435 

796 


2, 6 19 

1 ■' 5 

1. 112 

1,008 

7111 
1, 199 


ii" 












115 














2,029 

1,558 

1,183 

878 

618 

3,504 


763 
587 

451 
348 
268 

1,271 


1 266 
H71 
732 

530 
350 

2,233 


- 13 

582 
1111 
281 
195 

446 


300 
204 

137 
92 
63 

152 


533 

57s 
257 

189 
132 

294 



























51 



nativity, for Continental United States: 1900 — Continued. 



NATIVE WHITE— NATIVE 


»ARENTS. 


NATIVE WHITE— FOREIGN 


PARENTS. 


FOREIGN WHITE. 


' "I'iRED. 




Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Males, 


Females. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 




965. 900 


483, 454 


182, 146 


109,727 


55, 976 


53. 751 




285, 7*3 


259,248 


170,705 


91,954 


78,751 


74 


212, 323 
202.912 
193, 653 
183,861 

17:;, Til 


106, 130 
101,460 
96, 961 
92, 151 
86, 752 


106, 193 
101, i i 
96 1 9 
91,710 
86,399 


26, 1 19 

24,058 

21,772 
19,667 

17.7S1 


13, 475 
12, 251 
11,112 
10, 055 
9,083 


12, 974 
11,807 
10, 660 
9,612 
8 698 


118,260 
11 1,009 
109, 176 
101, 152 

98,834 


62, 154 

59. 921 
57, 360 
54,576 
51, 169 


54,0V. 
52,116 

47. 865 


36,602 

34, 173 

31.792 


20,515 

19. 58,8 

is, 180 
17, 195 
16,248 


V, 140 
17,036 

15,712 
11 9, 
13,93 > 


75 
76 
77 
7S 
79 


720.110 


361,980 


358, 130 


64,445 


33, 294 


81, 1M 


410,710 


213, 111 


197 299 


107,631 


58,954 


48,677 


80 


163.763 
153, 800 
144,199 
134,3 * 
123, 990 


S2.26S 
77,319 

72.5211 

67,564 
62, 309 


81,495 
76, 181 
71,679 
66,794 
■ 1 681 


15,915 

11,2.1 
12.711 
11,383 
10,152 


8,201 
7, 362 
6, 589 
5,887 
5.255 


7.714 
6,889 

6. 155 
5 i ii; 
4,897 


92, 552 
87, 271 

82, Oil'. 
77, 255 
71, lllli 


18,031 
15,278 

12, 868 
40, 222 
37, 042 


14. 521 
41,993 

37, 033 
34, 154 


25. 1 1 1 
22, 995 
21, 151) 
19. 939 
18,106 


13,976 
12,760 

11,7811 
10, 751 

9,787 


11,165 
10,235 
9 120 
9, iss 
8,369 


81 
82 
S3 
si 
B5 


488,649 


244, 57 1 


241,075 


37, 123 


19, 016 


18, 107 


282,325 


148,068 


134.257 


75, 744 


, 


37, 793 


86 


114, 841 
105. 963 

97, Ml 

89, I'.'l 
80,510 


57,656 
63, 130 
48, 983 
44. 707 
10,098 


57. 185 
,2,833 
18,858 

11,7^7 
in 112 


8,977 
8,090 
7,391 
6, 725 
5, 940 


4,641 
4,166 
3,781 
3,411 
3,017 


4,336 
3,924 

3,610 

3, '1 1 


66,941 

61.713 

51,295 

45. 793 


35, 052 

29, 701 
26 927 
24,023 


31.SSVI 

29 348 

21,770 


I'.'l i 
16,698 

18.51s 
12,275 


9,221 
6,719 

6,069 


8,989 
8,319 
7,510 
6,769 
6, 206 


87 

88 

89 

90 

91 


296, 201 


146, 108 


150 093 


22, 603 


11,243 


11.360 


1,,- 'i|i 






42. 137 


21.295 


20,842 


92 


73, 636 
66,239 
,9,036 
52, 149 
45,141 


36, 540 
32,810 
29,093 
25,625 

22, mo 


33,429 
29. 948 
26, 524 
23, 101 


5, 57 s 
5,030 
1,512 

8, 184 


2,784 
2,502 

2,215 

1,988 

1 72 1 


2, 794 

2, 528 
2,2H7 
2,1111 
1.7611 


III, -Mi 

,:i, 072 
31, 'i- 

27.211 
23, 169 


21,394 
18,854 
16.473 
14.192 
12,020 


19,492 
17,218 

.... 
13,049 
11,149 


10, 061 
9,068 
s. 108 
7.731 


1,658 

8, 829 
3,381 


4,410 
1 169 

8,9115 

3, 185 


93 
94 

95 

96 

97 


144.314 


69,087 


75. 227 


11,328 


5,610 


5,718 


69, 075 


35. 390 


.;:; | 


28,. 795 


12. 186 


14,609 


98 


39,086 
33,513 
28, 196 
23,803 

19, 116 


19,026 
16, 177 
13, 609 
11,231 
9, 1 1 


20, 060 

17, 386 

14,887 

12.572 
10,372 


3,009 
2, 605 
2,211', 
1,899 
1 , 569 


1. 196 

1 . 295 

1.113 

937 

769 


1,513 

1,310 

1,133 

962 

800 


19, 559 
16,338 

13, 118 

10,982 
3,803 


10, 102 
8, 118, 
6,882 

5, .'i.'.l, 
1, 187 


9. 457 
7,925 

6,561 
5, 376 
4,366 


6,995 
6,194 

5. 2 16 
1, 118 
3,914 


3.222 
2,815 
2, 8S3 
2,1117 
1,749 


3,773 
3,379 
2,863 
2, 129 

2. 165 


99 
100 
101 
102 
103 


51,542 


22, 992 


28,550 


4,318 


2,044 


'J, '.'71 


22. 167 


10,802 


11,365 


10, 573 


4,904 


5,669 


104 


15.950 
12,643 
9, 802 

7. 186 

5.661 


7,275 
5,686 
1,348 
3,266 
2, 117 


8,675 
6, 957 

5, 151 

1,220 
3,244 


1,321 

1,11,1. 

821 
633 
487 


647 
507 
383 
288 
219 


674 
549 
438 
345 
268 


7,859 
5. 181 

1,130 


3, 534 
2. 689 

1.99< 1 
1,474 
1.115 


3. 525 
2,772 
2,140 
1,648 
1,280 


2,854 

2,058 
1,781 
1, 196 


1,8,19 

1,125 

950 

mi:, 

1,75 


1,505 

1,259 

1,108 

976 

821 


105 
106 

1117 
IDS 
109 


11, 940 


4,815 


7. 125 


1,058 


453 


605 


5, 321 


2,339 


2,982 




2 251 


3, 422 


110 


4,184 
3.032 
2. 159 
1,515 
1,050 


1.740 

1,233 

858 

587 

397 


2, 111 
1,799 

1.301 
928 

a 


367 

267 
193 
136 
95 


162 
115 
82 
56 
38 


205 
152 
111 
80 
57 


1.788 

1,327 

975 
7ii7 
516 


819 
590 

423 
299 
208 


977 
737 
552 
408 
308 


1.18H 

1,096 

n 
1, 120 
1,186 


546 
477 
432 
105 
391 


644 
619 
649 
715 
795 


111 
112 
113 
114 
115 


2, 077 


695 


1,382 


218 


101 


117 


1 112 


609 


803 


2 . i9 


1,012 


1.547 


116 


756 
527 
365 
251 
175 


26S 
179 

US 

7S 
52 


188 
348 

217 
176 
123 


77 
55 
39 
27 
20 


32 

25 
19 
14 
11 


45 
30 
20 
13 
9 


10 

831, 
266 
212 
168 


181 
143 
116 
94 

76 


249 
193 
151 

lis 
92 


766 
6111 
513 
385 
255 


232 

2111 

199 
162 

129 


484 
400 
314 
223 
126 


117 

lis 

119 
120 
121 


393 


129 


264 


53 


23 


30 


391 


178 


213 


2,667 


941 


1,726 


122 



/ 



APPENDIX B. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DISCUSSIONS OF AGE STATISTICS. 



In addition to representative modern discussions of age sta- 
tistics, a few older studies of primarily historical importance have 
been included in the following list of references. Valuable dis- 
cussions will also be found in Census Reports, especially those of 
Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Italy, India, and New South 
Wales. 

J. ( hius ill an nta'irr il, stiiii.iiii/K,, Paris, 1896, page 



Traiti ili Statixiii/m. 'leuxieme edition, Paris, 1886, page 



Bkrtili.on, 

460 ff. 
Block. M. 

432 ff. 
CoNRAn, J. Grundriss zum Studium der politischen Oekonomie, Vol. 

IV, Statistik, I, Jena, 1900, page 68 ff. 
Exgel, E. Der Werth des Menschen, Berlin, )ss3, Vol. I. page 57. 
Faer, Wm. Vital statistics, London, 1 885, page 37 ff. 
Fircks, A. Freiherr, von. BevolkerungMehrc uml lleeiilh rungspolitik, 

Leipzig, 1898, page 67 ff. 
Haisuofer, M. Lehr und Handbueh der Statistik, Vol. II. zweite 

auflage, Vienna, 1882, page 209 ff. 
Holmes, Geo. K. Age, etc., in "The Federal Census," Publications 

of the American Economic Association, New Series, No. -'. 

page 55 ff. 
Jastrow, J. Some 'peculiarities in the age statistics of the United 

sini, s. Science, Vol. V, page 461 ff. 
King, W. A. The decrease in tin' proportion of children, Political 

Science Quarterly, Vol. XII, page 608 ff. 
Levasseur, E. La population franc.aise. Vol. II. Pari", 1891, page 

257 ff. 
Mayr, i ;. vox. Statistik und Gesellschaftslehre, Vol.11, Bevolkerungs- 

statisiik, Freiburg, 1897, page 73 ff. 



Mayo-Smith. Statistics and sociology. New York, 1895, page45ff. 
Mischler, E. Altersgliederung der Bevblkerung, Worterbuch der 

Volkswirtschaft, Vol. 1. page 59 ff. 
Morpurgo, E. Die Statistik und die Sozialwissenschaften, Jena, 1S77, 

page 498 ff. 
Pareto, V. Cows cTiconotnie politique, Vol. I, Lausanne, 1896, 

page 75 ff. 
Perozzo, L. Studi sulla composhione delta popolazione per tin in 

Italia i' m altri stati, Annali di Statistica, Rome, 1885. 
Rauchberg, H. AUersgliederung del Bevblkerung, Hand worterbuch 

der Staatswissenschaflen, zweite auflage, Vol. I, page 275 ff. 

Die Bevblkenngs Oesterreichs, Vienna, 1895, page 106 ff. 

Schmoller, G. Grundriss 'la- allgemeinen Volkswirlschaftslehre, 

Vol. I, Leipzig, 1900, page 159 ff. 

Stratss, C. Allersverhdltnisse der Bevblkerung verschiedener europ'd- 
isch r inn! ausser-europaischer StaaU n, Jahrbticher fur National- 
okonomie und Statistik, dritte folge, Vol. II, page 905 ff. 

Wag nek, A. Grundlegung >/> r politisch n Oekonomie, dritte auflage, 
Vol. 1, Part 2, Leipzig, 1893, page 606 ff. 

Wright, Carroll I). Outline of practical sociology, New York, 
1902, page 33 ff. 

Young, Ai.lyn A. The comparative accuracy of different forms of 
quinquennial age groups, Quarterly Publications of the Ameri- 
can Statistical Association, Vol. VII, page 27 ff. 

The enumeration of children, Quarterly Publications of the 

American Statistical Association, Vol. VII, page 227 ff. 

The adjustment of ct nsus one returns, Western Reserve Uni- 
versity Bulletin, November, 1902. 



o 



(53) 



